part of the country is the city of Ormus; its inner city is not wide while the
outer city is more than sixty
li
in circuit. The inhabitants are numerous and
wealthy. The northeast region borders on the country of Hrum, whose topog-
raphy and social customs are the same as in Pārsa, but the features of the
people and their language differ. It is also a wealthy country, possessing
plenty of jewels and gems.
Southwest of the country of Hrum is the Women’s Country, which is an
island. There are only female inhabitants there, without a single man. It pro-
duces various valuable goods and is a dependency of Hrum. The king of
Hrum sends men to mate with the female inhabitants every year, as it is their
custom not to bring up any male baby born to them.
Going northward from the country of Audumbatira for more than seven hun-
dred
li,
I reached the country of Pātāsila (in the domain of West India). The
country of Pātāsila is more than three thousand
li
in circuit and its capital
city is over twenty
li
in circuit. It is well populated but without a sovereign
lord and is subject to the country of Sindhu. The land is sandy and salty and
chilly winds blow hard. There is plenty of pulse and wheat but few flowers
or fruit. The people are rustic and hot-tempered by nature and their language
differs from that of Central India. They are not fond of learning the arts but
they have pure faith. There are more than fifty monasteries with over three
thousand monks, all of whom study the teachings of the Saṃmitīya school
of Hinayana Buddhism.
Deva
temples number more than twenty, all belonging
to the ash-smearing heretics. In a large wood fifteen or sixteen
li
north of the
city there is a stupa, several hundred feet high, built by King Aśoka. It contains
a relic bone that occasionally emits a bright light. This is the place where the
Tathāgata, as a
ṛṣi
in a previous life, was killed by a king. Not far to the east
from here is an old monastery built by the great arhat Mahākātyāyana. Beside
it stupas were built to mark sites where the four past buddhas sat and walked
up and down.
From here going northeast for more than three hundred
li,
I reached the
country of Avaṇḍa (in the domain of West India). The country of Avaṇḍa is
two thousand and four or five hundred
li
in circuit and its capital city is over
twenty
li
in circuit. It has no sovereign lord and is subject to the country of
Sindhu. The soil is good for growing crops and pulse and wheat are particularly
309
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
abundant. There are not many flowers or much fruit and vegetation is sparse.
The climate is windy and cold and the people are rustic and violent by nature.
Speaking a simple and plain language, they do not uphold learning but they
fix their minds on and have pure faith in the Triple Gem. There are over
twenty monasteries with more than two thousand monks, most of whom
study the teachings of the Saṃmitīya school of Hinayana Buddhism. There
are five
deva
temples belonging to the ash-smearing heretics.
In a great bamboo grove not far away from the city are the ruins of an old
monastery. This is the place where in olden days the Tathāgata gave permission
to the
bhikṣu
s to wear
jifuxi
(boots). Beside the ruins is a stupa built by King
Aśoka. Although the foundation has collapsed the remaining structure is still
over a hundred feet high. In a temple beside the stupa a standing image of
the Buddha made out of blue stone is enshrined. On fast days it often emits
a divine light. Further away to the south for over eight hundred paces, in a
wood, is a stupa built by King Aśoka. Once the Tathāgata stayed at this place
and because it was a cold night, he covered himself with all three of his robes,
one over the other. The following morning he permitted the
bhikṣu
s to wear
double robes. In this wood is a site where the Buddha walked up and down.
There are also other stupas built close to each other to mark the places where
the four past buddhas sat and walked back and forth. Hair and nail relics of
the Tathāgata are preserved in one of the stupas and they often emit a bright
light on fast days.
From here going northeast for more than nine hundred
li,
I reached the country
of Varṇu (in the domain of West India). The country of Varṇu is more than
four thousand
li
in circuit and its capital city is over twenty
li
in circuit. It is
densely populated and is subject to the country of Kāpiśī. The land is moun-
tainous with many woods and crops are sown in season. The climate is some-
what cold and the people are rustic and violent by nature and vulgar and
mean in disposition. Their language is rather similar to that of Central India.
They believe in both heterodoxy and orthodoxy and are not fond of learning.
There are several tens of monasteries, mostly dilapidated, with more than
three hundred monks, all of whom study Mahayana teachings. There are five
deva
temples with many ash-smearing heretics. Not far away to the south of
the city there is an old monastery. In the past the Tathāgata preached the
310
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Fascicle XI
Dharma at this place to teach the people for their welfare and enlightenment.
Beside it are sites where the four past buddhas sat and walked up and down.
I heard some local people say that the west side of the country borders the
country of Kaikānān, which is located among large mountains in which there
are chieftains in the different valleys but no sovereign ruler. It has many
sheep and horses; the good horses are particularly big as they are of a rare
breed that is greatly valued by neighboring regions.
From here again going northwest, crossing great mountains and wide rivers
and passing small towns on a journey of more than two thousand
li,
I came
out of the domain of India and reached the country of Jāguḍa (also known
as the country of Caoli).
End of Fascicle XI of
The Great Tang Dynasty
Record of the Western Regions
311
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
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