śāstra
master Jinaputra (meaning “Son
of Victory”) composed the
Commentary on the Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra,
and
it is also where the
śāstra
masters Bhadraruci and Guṇaprabha became monks.
This great monastery was reduced to ruins by fire from heaven.
Going southwest from the country of Sindhu for one thousand and five or
six hundred
li,
I reached the country of Audumbatira (in the domain of West
India). Audum batira is more than five thousand
li
in circuit and its capital
city, Kaccheśvara, is over thirty
li
in circuit. It is situated in the remote western
region near the Sindhu River, close to the great sea. The houses are beautifully
decorated and there are many jewels and gems. In recent years the country
has had no sovereign king and is subordinate to the country of Sindhu. The
land is low and moist and the soil is saline; wild weeds grow profusely and
few fields are cultivated. Although the country produces all kinds of cereals,
pulse and wheat are particularly abundant. The climate is somewhat cold
and hurricanes blow violently. Cattle, sheep, camels, mules, and the like are
reared. The people are hot-tempered by nature and do not like learning. Their
language is slightly different from that of Central India and they are by custom
simple and honest and respect the Triple Gem. There are more than eighty
monasteries with over five thousand monks, most of whom study the teachings
of the Saṃmitīya school of Hinayana Buddhism. There are ten
deva
temples,
mostly inhabited by ash-smearing ascetics. In the city is a temple of Maheśvara
adorned with engravings and the image of the god has spiritual influence. It
is frequented by ash-smearing ascetics. In the old days the Tathāgata visited
this country on several occasions to preach the Dharma to convert the people,
guiding ordinary people and benefiting the secular inhabitants. Thus King
Aśoka built six stupas at the holy sites.
From here going west for less than two thousand
li,
I reached the country of
Laṅgala (in the domain of West India). The country of Laṅgala is several
thousand
li
on each of the four sides and its capital city, Sthūlīśvara (?), is
thirty
li
in circuit. The land is fertile and crops are abundant. The climate
307
938a
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
and social customs are the same as in the country of Audumbatira. It is a
populous country and rich in precious jewels and gems. Situated at the seaside,
it is on the way to the Women’s Country. It has no supreme ruler; in each
valley the people have their own leaders who are independent of one another,
though all are subject to the country of Pārsa. Their written language is gen-
erally the same as that of India but their spoken language differs slightly.
The people believe in both heterodoxy and orthodoxy. There are over one
hundred monasteries with more than six thousand monks who study and
practice both Mahayana and Hinayana teachings. There are several hundred
deva
temples and ash-smearing heretics are extremely numerous. Inside the
city is a magnificent and beautifully decorated temple of Maheśvara, which
is held in great esteem by the ash-smearing heretics.
Going northwest from there one would reach the country of Pārsa. (Though
it is not in the domain of India I passed by it and put it here as an appendix.
It was formerly known as Bosi in abbreviation.) The country of Pārsa is
several myriad
li
in circuit and its capital city, Surasthāna, is over forty
li
in
circuit. Since the territory is vast the climate differs at various locales; generally
speaking, it is warm. Water is channeled to irrigate the fields and the people
are wealthy and prosperous. The country produces gold, silver, brass, quartz,
crystal, and other precious and unusual substances. Large pieces of brocade,
fine ramie cloth, woolen carpets, and the like are exquisitely woven. There
are many good horses and camels. Large silver coins are used for currency.
The people are hot-tempered by nature and have no etiquette by custom.
Their spoken and written languages differ from those of other countries.
There are no scholars or artists but there are many skillful artisans whose
products are much valued by the people of neighboring countries. They prac-
tice mixed marriage and corpses are mostly discarded. They are tall and stout
in stature and crop their hair short to expose the top of the head. They wear
clothes made of fur, ramie, and colored cotton. A household tax is levied at
the rate of four silver coins per head. There are numerous
deva
temples,
highly honored by the heretics of Dinapati (“Lord of the Day,” i.e., the sun).
There are two or three monasteries with a few hundred monks, all of whom
study the teachings of the Sarvāstivāda school of Hinayana Buddhism. The
almsbowl of Śākya Buddha is kept in the palace of the country. In the eastern
308
Fascicle XI
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