pratyekabuddha
entered nirvana at the beginning of the
present
kalpa,
when the human life span was countless years.
From here, going northwest through mountains and forests for over a thousand
eight hundred
li,
I reached the country of Kosala (in the domain of Central
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India). The country of Kosala is more than six thousand
li
in circuit and is
surrounded by mountains and ridges; woods and marshes link with each
other. The capital city is over forty
li
in circuit. The land is fertile and the
soil productive. The towns and villages are situated within sight of each other
and the inhabitants are wealthy. They are physically substantial, stout, and
dark in complexion. The social custom is indomitable and fierce and the
people are bold and violent by nature. They believe in both erroneous religions
and the correct one; their learning and craftsmanship are outstanding. The
king, a
kṣatriya
by caste, pays great respect to the buddha-dharma and his
benevolence is deep and far-reaching. There are over one hundred monasteries
with nearly ten thousand monks, all of whom study the Mahayana teachings.
Deva
temples amount to over seventy and the heretics live together.
Not far to the south of the city is an old monastery; beside it is a stupa
built by King Aśoka. In olden times the Tathāgata, employing his great divine
powers, subjugated the heretics at this place and Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva later
stayed in this monastery. The reigning king of this country, named Śātavāha
(“Leading Right”), respected Nāgārjuna and posted a guard at the door of
his dwelling. At that time Deva Bodhisattva came from the country of Siṃhala
in hopes of holding a discussion. He said to the guard, “Please announce my
arrival.” The guard did so accordingly. Nāgārjuna, knowing well the name
of Deva, filled a bowl with water and said to a disciple, “Take this water and
show it to Deva.” On seeing the bowl of water, Deva silently dropped a needle
into it. Bewildered, the disciple took the bowl back to Nāgārjuna, who asked
the disciple, “What did he say?” The disciple said, “He kept silent and simply
dropped a needle into the water.” Nāgārjuna said, “He is indeed a person of
wisdom! He understands the deep meanings of things as cleverly as a divine
being and his perception of subtle theories is second only to that of a saint.
Such a virtuous person should be admitted immediately.” The disciple said,
“What does this mean? Is this the wonderful eloquence of reticence?” Nāgār-
juna said, “Water is something that may be either round or square, depending
on the vessel that contains it, and it can carry away anything, whether clean
or defiled. It flows everywhere without interruption and it is limpid but unfath-
omable. I showed him a bowlful of water to signify that my all-around wis-
dom and he dropped a needle into the water to hint that he could get to the
bottom of my knowledge. He is not an ordinary person. Usher him in quickly!”
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Fascicle X
Now Nāgārjuna was a man of austere deportment with a stern appearance,
and whoever talked with him always lowered his head. Deva had heard about
his ways and manners and had wished to study under his instruction for a
long time. When he was about to receive Nāgārjuna’s instruction he flaunted
his sublime wit at first, but when he saw the teacher he was awed by his aus-
terity. After entering the hall he took a seat in a corner and talked on abstruse
topics in refined and elegant words for an entire day. Nāgārjuna said, “You
are a prominent student and your eloquence exceeds that of your predecessors.
Being a feeble old man, I am happy to have met you, a brilliant scholar, to
whom I may impart my knowledge, just as one pours water from one pitcher
into another, and transmit the lamp [of the Dharma] without cease. The prop-
agation of the Dharma depends on such people as you. Please come closer
so that we may discuss the deep and abstruse teachings.” Hearing these words,
Deva felt self-conceit and before starting the exposition of the profound the-
ories, he first put forward an argument in a plausible and lengthy manner.
When he raised his head to look at his opponent he suddenly saw [Nāgārjuna’s]
awe-inspiring features, which rendered him dumbfounded and unable to
speak. He stood up to apologize and begged to receive [the master’s] instruc-
tions. Nāgārjuna said, “Sit down! I shall teach you the supreme and wonderful
truth, the real teachings of the King of the Dharma.”
Deva then prostrated himself before Nāgārjuna and promised to devote
his life and his whole mind to him, saying, “From now on I will listen to
your instructions.”
Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva was skilled in pharmacology. By taking medicated
nourishment he lived to be several hundred years of age with unfading mental
and physical faculties. With the aid of such miraculous potions, King Śātavāha
also reached the age of several centuries. His youngest son said to his mother,
“When will I be able to succeed to the throne?” The prince’s mother said,
“In view of the present situation there is no fixed date. Your father, the king,
is several hundred years old and many of his offspring have predeceased
him. This is all due to the power of bliss of Nāgārjuna as well as his skill in
the medical arts. When the bodhisattva is no more the king will certainly fall
into extinction. Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva is a person of great wisdom and pro-
found compassion. He renders service to all living beings and regards his
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
own body as excrement. You may approach him and beg him to cutt off his
head. If you succeed in the attempt you will be able to fulfill your wishes.”
Under his mother’s instruction, the prince came to the monastery. The
guard had fled in fear so the prince had free admittance to the premises.
Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva was walking up and down, reciting a eulogistic
stanza, when he suddenly saw the prince. He stopped walking and asked
him, “Why have you come to the monastery this evening in such a hurry,
as if some urgent and fearful thing has happened?” The prince said in reply,
“I had a discussion with my compassionate mother and I said that the scrip-
tures and proverbs mention that almsgivers give alms to others for sustaining
their precious lives but no one would give up his own body to someone who
asked for it. My compassionate mother said, ‘It is not so. The Sugatas (“Well-
departed Ones”) of the ten directions and the tathāgatas of the three periods
diligently seek the Buddha’s way from their [first] mental initiation up to
their attainment of buddhahood. They acquire forbearance by observing the
disciplinary rules; they lie down to feed animals [with their bodies] or they
cut their own flesh to ransom doves. King Candraprabha gave his head as
alms to a brahman and King Maitrībala fed hungry
yakṣa
s with his own
blood. Such instances are too numerous to cite and examples can be found
among the enlightened ones of all generations.’ Now, Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva,
you are a man cherishing high ambitions. I am in need of a human head but
for many years I could not find anyone who would voluntarily give his head
to me. If I kill someone by force I would be deeply sinful, and to slaughter
an innocent person is notoriously immoral. But you, a bodhisattva, have
practiced the sacred Way in expectation of attaining buddhahood in the
future; your kindness has benefitted all sentient beings without limit. You
slight your body as [nothing more than] a bit of shifting cloud and treat it
with contempt as if it were a rotten log. As it is not contrary to your original
vow I beseech you to grant me my request.”
Nāgārjuna said, “What you have said is true. I seek the fruition of buddha-
hood and in imitation of the Buddha I can forsake anything. This body of
mine is [as impermanent] as an echo or a bubble. It rotates in the four forms
of birth and transmigrates in the six ways of reincarnation. I have made a
great vow that I should never go against others’ wishes. But, my dear prince,
there is one thing we should not do. What do you think about this? When I
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Fascicle X
am dead your father will also perish. Please consider the matter and see who
can save him.” Then Nāgārjuna walked around to see what could be used to
take his own life. He took up a blade of dry cogon grass to cut his throat and
severed his head, just as if it had been cut by a sharp sword. Seeing this sight,
the prince was terrified and fled. The palace gatekeeper reported to the king
and informed him of everything. The king was greatly aggrieved to hear the
evil tidings that Nāgārjuna died.
More than three hundred
li
to the southwest of the country is Bhrāmara-
giri (“Black Bee”) Mountain, which is lofty and has precipitous peaks and
cliffs and because it has no slopes to form a valley it seems to be composed
entirely of rock. King Śātavāha chiseled the rocky mountain to build a
monastery for Nāgārjuna. At a point more than ten
li
away from the mountain
a passageway was cut, leading up to the foot of the mountain and then con-
tinuing upward through excavation of the rocks. There are porches and veran-
das, lofty terraces, and storied pavilions in the monastery. The pavilions are
arranged in five tiers; on each tier there are four courtyards with shrines and
each shrine has a golden life-size image of the Buddha, carved with perfect
workmanship. The other places are decorated with gold and jewels. Water is
channeled from the high peaks of the mountain to flow down around the pavil-
ions to link them with the corridors. Windows have been cut in the rocky
walls to illuminate the chambers.
In the course of constructing this monastery King Śātavāha ran short of
laborers and the treasury was exhausted when the work was not yet half done.
[The king] was greatly concerned. Nāgārjuna said to him, “Why does Your
Majesty seem to be heavy-hearted?” The king said, “I cherished a great mind
and ventured to establish a deed of blessedness, hoping it would be everlasting
up to the advent of Maitreya Buddha. But before the meritorious exploit has
been completed all my resources have been expended. This is the cause of
my worry; I am unable to sleep and sit up waiting for daybreak.” Nāgārjuna
said, “Do not worry! A sublime deed of supreme bliss will produce endless
advantages. With a great mind no worrisome problem is insoluble. Be merry
and happy when you return to your palace today. On the morning of the day
after tomorrow you may go out sightseeing in the countryside, and then come
here to talk about the construction work.” Having received this guidance,
the king worshiped Nāgārjuna by circumambulating him.
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Nāgārjuna dropped mystical potions onto the big rocks and all of them
turned into gold. While on the excursion the king was delighted to see the
gold. He drove his carriage to the place of Nāgārjuna, to whom he said,
“Today, while on a pleasure trip, I was beguiled by deities and spirits into
seeing heaps of gold in the mountains and woods.” Nāgārjuna said, “The
gold has come into existence not through beguilement by spirits but due to
your sincere devotion. You should make use of it to accomplish your superior
work.” The king then used the gold for the construction of the monastery
and when the work was completed there was still surplus gold, from which
four large golden images were made [and placed] on each of the five tiers.
The remaining gold was used to replenish the treasury so that a thousand
monks could be invited to live and carry out religious activities in the
monastery. Nāgārjuna Bodhisattva collected and classified the teachings of
the Buddha and the treatises composed by various bodhisattvas and stored
them in the monastery. In the top tier only the buddha images and various
scriptures and treatises were placed. The lowest tier was used as dormitories
for the monastic servants and storerooms for keeping property and miscel-
laneous things, while the three middle tiers served as the monks’ lodgings.
I heard some old people say that after King Śātavāha had completed the con-
struction it was estimated that the amount of salt consumed by the workers
cost nine
koṭi
s of gold coins.
Afterward the monks had contention among themselves and they went to
the king for a settlement. The monastic servants said to one another, “While
the monks are quarreling with each other in contradictory words, some evil
people are taking this opportunity to subvert the monastery.” So they locked
the doors from the inside to repulse the monks. Since then no monks have
ever lived in this monastery. When one looks at the rocky mountain from
afar the path leading to the gate cannot be seen. Whenever physicians were
summoned to cure sick inmates they were taken in and out blindfolded so
that they would not know the way.
Going southwest from here for more than nine hundred
li
through a large
forest, I reached the country of Andhra (in the domain of South India). The
country of Andhra is more than three thousand
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