Samādhi
(intense mental concentration) and
prajñā
(wisdom) are far
apart and noisiness and calmness are quite different. Each community of
monks has laid down its own restrictive rules and regulations. All texts,
whether belonging to the Vinaya (disciplinary rules), the Abhidharma (trea-
tises), or the Sutras (discourses), are scriptures of the Buddha. A monk who
can expound one text is exempted from routine monastic duties. One who
can expound two texts is supplied with additional good rooms and daily req-
uisites. One who can expound three texts is to be served by attendants. One
who can expound four texts is provided with lay servants at his service. One
who can expound five texts is entitled to ride an elephant when going out.
One who can expound six texts has a retinue protecting him.
The honor given to those who have high morality is also extraordinary.
Assemblies for discussion are often held to test the intellectual capacity of
the monks, in order to distinguish superior from inferior, and to reject the
48
Fascicle II
dull and promote the bright. Those who can deliberate on the subtle sayings
and glorify the wonderful theories with refined diction and quick eloquence
may ride richly caparisoned elephants, with hosts of attendants preceding
and following behind them. But those to whom the theories are taught in
vain, or who have been defeated in a debate, explaining few principles in a
verbose way or distorting the teachings with language that is merely pleasant
to the ear, are daubed with ocher or chalk on the face while dust is scattered
over the body, and they are exiled to the wilderness or discarded in ditches.
In this way the good and the evil are distinguished and the wise and the igno-
rant disclosed. Thus people may take delight in the Way and study diligently
at home. They may either forsake their homes or return to secular life, as
they please. To those who commit faults or violate the disciplinary rules, the
community of monks may mete out punishments. A light offense incurs
public reprimand, and the penalty for the next gravest offense is that the
monks do not speak to the offender. One who has committed a grave offense
is excommunicated; that is, he is expelled contemptuously by the community
of monks. Once expelled the offender will have nowhere to take shelter and
will suffer the hardships of a vagabond life, or he may return to his former
life as a layperson.
As far as the different clans are concerned, there are four castes among
the people. The first caste is that of the brahmans, who are pure in conduct,
adhere to their doctrines, live in chastity, and preserve their virtue in purity.
The second is the caste of
kṣatriya
s (formerly transcribed incorrectly as
chali
), who are royal descendants and rule the country, taking benevolence
and humanity as their objects in life. The third is the caste of
vaiśya
s (formerly
transcribed incorrectly as
pishe
), who are merchants and traders, exchanging
goods to meet the needs of one another and gaining profit far and near. The
fourth caste is the
śūdra
s, farmers who labor in the fields and toil at sowing
and reaping. These four castes are differentiated by their hereditary purity
or defilement. People of a given caste marry within the caste and the con-
spicuous and the humble do not marry each other. Relatives, either on the
father’s or the mother’s side, do not intermarry. A woman can marry only
once and can never remarry. There are numerous miscellaneous clans grouped
together according to their [professional] categories, and it is difficult to give
a detailed account.
49
877b
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
The monarchs and kings of successive generations have always been
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