āmra
(mango),
āmla
(tamarind),
ma dhūka
(licorice),
badara
(jujube),
kapittha
(wood apple),
āmalaka
(myrobalan),
tinduka
(
Diospyros
),
uḍumbara
(
Ficus glomerata
),
moca
(plan-
tain),
nārikera
(coconut), and
panasa
(jackfruit). It is difficult to give a full
list of such fruit [trees], and here I just mention a few of them that are valued
by the people. Dates, chestnuts, and green and red persimmons are unknown
53
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
in India. Pears, crabapples, peaches, apricots, and grapes are often alternately
grown in Kaśmīra and elsewhere, while pomegranates and sweet oranges
are planted in all countries.
In the cultivation of fields, such farm work as sowing and reaping, plough-
ing and weeding, and seeding and planting are done according to the seasons,
either laboriously or with ease. Among the native products, rice and wheat
are particularly abundant. As for vegetables, there are ginger, mustard, melon,
calabash, and
kanda
(beet). Onion and garlic are scarce and few people eat
them. Those who eat them are driven out of the city.
Milk, ghee, oil, butter, granulated sugar, rock candy, mustard-seed oil,
and various kinds of cakes and parched grainse are used as common food,
and fish, mutton, and venison are occasionally served as delicacies. The meat
of such animals as oxen, donkeys, elephants, horses, pigs, dogs, foxes, wolves,
lions, monkeys, and apes is not to be eaten, as a rule. Those who eat the meat
of such animals are despised and detested by the general public and the
offenders are expelled to the outskirts of the city; they rarely show themselves
among the people.
As regards different spirits and sweet wines of diverse tastes, drinks made
from grapes and sugarcane are for the
kṣatriya
s and fermented spirits and
unfiltered wines are for the
vaiśya
s to drink. The
śramaṇa
s and brahmans
drink grape and sugarcane juice, as they refrain from taking alcoholic bev-
erages. For the low and mixed castes there are no specific drinks.
As to household implements, there are different articles made of various
materials for various purposes. Miscellaneous necessities are always suffi-
ciently at hand. Although cauldrons and big pots are used for cooking the
rice steamer is unknown. Cooking utensils are mostly made of earthenware,
with a few made of brass. When taking a meal a person eats from one vessel
in which all the ingredients are mixed together. He takes the food with his
fingers, never using spoons or chopsticks; the aged and the sick use copper
spoons for eating food.
Gold, silver, brass, white jade, and crystal are local products, which are
amassed in large quantities. Precious substances and rare treasures of different
descriptions, procured from overseas, are commodities for trading. For the
exchange of goods, gold and silver coins, cowries, and small pearls are used
as the media of exchange.
54
878b
Fascicle II
The territories and boundaries of India have been described above and
different local conditions have been briefly related here. I have made only a
rough statement of what is common in all the regions of the country in a gen-
eralized manner. As regards the particular political administrations and social
customs of different regions, I shall explain them separately under the heading
of each country, as follows.
The country of Lampā is over one thousand
li
in circuit, with the Snow Moun-
tains at its back in the north and the Black Range on the other three sides. The
capital city is more than ten
li
in circuit. Several hundred years ago the royal
family of this country ceased to exist and since then powerful families have
competed with each other for superiority in the absence of a great monarch.
It has recently become a dependency of Kāpiśī. The country produces non -
glutinous rice and much sugarcane. There are many trees but little fruit. The
climate is temperate; there is little frost and no snow. The country is a rich
and happy land and the people are fond of singing and chanting, but they are
timid and deceitful by nature. They cheat and do not respect one another. They
are ugly and short in stature and are frivolous and impetuous in behavior.
They mostly wear white cotton and are nicely dressed. There are more than
ten monasteries with a few monks, most of whom are students of the Mahayana
teachings. There are several tens of
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