zuoxia
or
zuola
(“to sit for the summer or the annual retreat”). This
was because they were outlandish people who did not understand the Chinese
43
876a
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
language correctly or were not conversant with the dialects, and so they com-
mitted mistakes in their translations. Moreover, there are divergences in the
calculation of the dates of the Buddha’s entry into his mother’s womb, birth,
renunciation, enlightenment, and nirvana; this point will be discussed later.
As regards the towns and cities, they have square city walls, which are
broad and tall. The streets and lanes are narrow and winding, with stores
facing the roads and wine shops standing beside the streets. Butchers, fish-
ermen, harlots, actors, executioners, and scavengers mark their houses with
banners and are not allowed to live inside the cities. When they come to town
they have to sneak up and down along the left side of the road. Concerning
the building of residential houses and the construction of the city walls, they
are mostly built with bricks, as the terrain is low and humid, while the walls
of houses may be made of wattled bamboo or wood. The roofs of houses,
terraces, and pavilions are made of planks, plastered with limestone and cov-
ered with bricks or adobe. Some of the lofty buildings are similar in style to
those in China. Cottages thatched with cogon grass or ordinary straw are
built with bricks or planks and the walls are adorned with limestone. The
floor is purified by smearing it with cow dung and seasonal flowers are scat-
tered over it. In this matter they differ [from Chinese custom].
The monasteries are constructed in an extremely splendid manner. They
have four corner towers and the halls have three tiers. The rafters, eaves,
ridgepoles, and roof beams are carved with strange figures. The doors, win-
dows, and walls are painted with colored pictures. The houses of the common
people are ostentatious inside but plain and simple outside.
The inner chambers and main halls vary in their dimensions and the struc-
tures of the tiered terraces and multistoried pavilions have no fixed style, but
the doors open to the east and the throne also faces east. For a seat on which
to rest a rope bed (charpoy) is used. The royal family, great personages, offi-
cials, commoners, and magnates adorn their seats in different ways, but the
structure is the same in style. The sovereign’s throne is exceedingly high and
wide and decorated with pearls. Called the lion seat, it is covered with fine
cotton cloth and is mounted by means of a jeweled footstool. The ordinary
officials carve their seats in different decorative patterns according to their
fancy and they ornament them with rare gems. Both the upper [clothes] and
undergarments, as well as ornamental garb, need no tailoring. Pure white is
44
876b
Fascicle II
the preferred color, while motley is held in no account. The men wind a piece
of cloth around the waist under the armpits and leave the right shoulder
uncovered. The women wear a cape that covers both shoulders and hangs
down loose. The hair on the top is combed into a small topknot with the rest
of the hair falling down. Some men clip their mustaches and have other
strange fashions, such as wearing a garland on the head or a necklace on the
body. For clothing they use
kauśeya
and cotton cloth,
kauśeya
being silk
spun by wild silkworms. The
kṣauma
(linen) cloth is made of hemp or similar
fibers. The
kambala
is woven with fine sheep wool, while the
hela
cape (a
sort of raincoat?) is woven with the wool of a wild animal. As this wool is
fine and soft and can be spun and woven, it is valued for making garments.
In North India, where the climate is bitterly cold, the people wear tight-
fitting short jackets, quite similar to those of the Hu people. The costumes
of the heretics vary in style and are strangely made. They dress in peacock
tails, or wear necklaces of skulls, or go naked, or cover their bodies with
grass or boards, or pluck their hair and clip their mustaches, or have disheveled
hair with a small topknot. Their upper [clothes] and undergarments have no
fixed style and the color may be red or white; there is no definite rule.
The monks have only the three regular robes, [the
saṃghāti,
] the
saṃkakṣikā,
and the
nivāsana
robes as their religious garments. The different
sects have different ways of making the three robes, of which the fringes
may be broad or narrow and the folds may be small or large. The
saṃkakṣikā
(known in Chinese as “armpit cover” and formerly transcribed as
sengqizhi
incorrectly) covers the left shoulder and veils both armpits. It is open on the
left and closed on the right side, reaching below the waist. Since the
nivāsana
(known in Chinese as “skirt” and formerly transcribed as
niepanseng
incor-
rectly) has no strings for fastening; it is worn by gathering it into pleats,
which are tightened with a braid. The pleats are folded in different ways by
different sects and the color also differs, either yellow or red. People of the
kṣatriya
(military and ruling class) and the brahman (priestly class) castes
are pure and simple in lodging and clean and frugal. The dress and ornaments
of the kings and ministers are very ostentatious. Garlands and coronets studded
with gems are their headdresses, and rings, bracelets, and necklaces are their
bodily ornaments. The wealthy merchants use only bracelets. Most people
go barefoot; few wear shoes. They stain their teeth red or black, have closely
45
The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
cropped hair, pierce their earlobes, and have long noses and large eyes. Such
are their outward features.
They voluntarily keep themselves pure and clean, not by compulsion.
Before taking a meal they must wash their hands. Remnants and leftovers
are not to be served again and food vessels are not passed from one person
to another. Earthenware and wooden utensils must be discarded after use,
and golden, silver, copper, or iron vessels are polished each time after use.
When the meal is over they chew willow twigs to cleanse [their mouths],
and before washing and rinsing their mouths they do not come into contact
with one another. Each time after going to defecate or urinate they must wash
themselves and daub their bodies with a fragrant substance, such as sandal-
wood or turmeric. When the monarch is going to take a bath music made by
beating drums and playing stringed instruments is performed, along with
singing. Before offering sacrifices to gods and worshiping at temples they
take baths and wash themselves.
It is known that their writing, composed of forty-seven letters, was invented
by the
deva
Brahmā as an original standard for posterity. These letters are
combined to indicate objects and used as expressions for events. The original
[language] branched as it gradually became widely used, and there are slight
modifications of it according to place and people. As a language in general,
it did not deviate from the original source. The people of Central India are
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |