ṛṣi
(sagely anchorite).
At more than one hundred
li
to the northwest from the hermitage one
crosses over a small hill and arrives at a large mountain. On the south of the
mountain there is a monastery, in which lived a few monks who studied
Mahayana teachings. The stupa beside it was built by King Aśoka at the
place where the
ṛṣi
Unicorn once lived. This
ṛṣi
was ensnared by a lustful
woman and lost his supernatural powers. The lustful woman then rode on
his shoulders and returned to the city.
At more than fifty
li
to the northeast from Varṣa one reaches a lofty moun-
tain, on which there is a bluish stone image of Bhīmādevī, wife of Maheśvara.
The local people said that this image of the goddess existed naturally. It
showed many marvels and many people came to give prayers. In all parts of
India people, both noble and common, who wish to pray for blessedness
flock to this place from far and near. Those who wish to see the physical
form of the goddess may get a vision of her after fasting for seven days with
a sincere and concentrated mind, and in most cases their wishes will be ful-
filled. At the foot of the mountain there is a temple for Maheśvara in which
the ash-smearing heretics perform ceremonies.
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
Going for a hundred fifty
li
to the southeast from the Bhīmādevī temple
I reached the city of Uḍakhand, which is more than twenty
li
in circuit, bor-
dering the Indus River in the south. The inhabitants are rich and happy. Pre-
cious goods pile up high and most of the rare and valuable things of different
places are collected here.
Going for more than twenty
li
to the northwest from Uḍakhand I reached
the city of Śalātura, the birthplace of the
ṛṣi
Pāṇini, author of the
Śabda-
vidyā-śāstra.
At the beginning of antiquity the written language was rich and
extensive in vocabulary, but with the passage of the
kalpa
of destruction the
world became empty, and afterward the long-lived deities descended to the
earth to guide human beings. Thereafter, literary documents were produced,
and thenceforth the source of literature became a torrential flood. Brahmā
and Indra wrote model compositions as the time required, and the
ṛṣi
s of
each of the heretical systems formed their own words. The people studied
what was taught by their predecessors and emulated what was handed down;
but the efforts of the students were wasted because it was difficult for them
to master everything in detail.
At the time when the human life span was a hundred years, the
ṛṣi
Pāṇini
was born with innate knowledge of wide scope. Feeling pity at the shallowness
of learning in his time, and wishing to expunge what was superficial and
false and delete what was superfluous, he traveled about to make inquiries
into the way of learning. He met with Maheśvara and told the deity of his
intention. Maheśvara said, “How grand it is! I shall render you assistance.”
The
ṛṣi
withdrew after hearing these words and concentrated his mind to
ponder the matter. He collected all words and composed a text of one thousand
stanzas, each stanza consisting of thirty-two syllables. In this book he made
a thorough study of the written and spoken language of both ancient and mod-
ern times, and offered it to the king in a sealed envelope. The king treasured
it very much and ordered that all the people of the country should learn the
text; one who could recite it fluently by heart would be rewarded with a thou-
sand gold coins. Thus this text was transmitted from teacher to pupil and
became prevalent at that time. Henceforth the brahmans in this city are great
scholars of high talent with knowledge of wide scope.
In the city of Śalātura there is a stupa built at the place where an arhat
converted a disciple of Pāṇini. Five hundred years after the demise of the
68
Fascicle II
Tathāgata a great arhat came from Kaśmīra to this place in the course of his
journey. When he saw a brahman teacher beating a schoolboy, he asked the
brahman, “Why are you chastising the child?” The brahman said, “I asked
him to learn the
Śabdavidyā-śāstra
but he has not made progress with the
passage of time.” The arhat smiled amiably and the old brahman said, “A
śramaṇa
should be compassionate and have sympathy for all living beings.
But you are now smiling and I would like to know why.” The arhat said in
reply, “It is not easy for me to tell you, for fear that it might cause you deep
doubt. Have you ever heard about the
ṛṣi
Pāṇini, who composed the
Śabda -
vidyā-śāstra
for the instruction of posterity?” The brahman said, “He was a
scion of this city. Out of admiration for his virtue his disciples have made
an image of him, which is still in existence.” The arhat said, “This son of
yours is [a reincarnation of] that
ṛṣi.
On account of his rich knowledge he
took delight in studying worldly books, discussing only the heretical theories
and never researching the truth. He wasted his spirit and wisdom and is still
involved in the wheel of rebirth. By virtue of his surplus good deeds he has
been reborn as your beloved son. But he simply wasted his energy studying the
diction and language of worldly books How can this be the same as the Tathā -
gata’s holy teachings, which give rise to bliss and wisdom in a mysterious way?
“In olden times there was a decayed tree by the shore of the South Sea,
and five hundred bats lived in the holes of the tree. Once a caravan of mer-
chants stayed under the tree. As the season was windy and chilly and the
merchants were hungry and cold, they piled up firewood and built a fire under
the tree. The smoke and flames gradually began to burn fiercely and set the
decayed tree on fire. One of the merchants recited the Abhidharma
piṭaka
after midnight, and the bats, even though scorched by the heat, so loved to
listen to the recitation of the Dharma that they would not leave the place;
they disregarded the intense heat and died in the tree. According to their
karmic force they were reborn as human beings and renounced their homes
to learn and practice [the Buddhist teachings]. As they had heard the recitation
of the Dharma they were clever and intelligent and realized sainthood; thus
they became fields of blessedness for the world.
“Recently King Kaniṣka and Venerable Pārśva summoned five hundred
holy persons in Kaśmīra to compile the
Vibhāṣā-śāstra,
and these five hundred
holy persons are the five hundred bats that lived in that decayed tree. Although
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
I am an unworthy person I was one of them. From this we may see that there
is such a great difference between the superior and the inferior, the virtuous
and the vicious, as that between those that fly high in the air and those that
crouch down on the ground. Permit your beloved son to become a monk, for
the merits of becoming a monk are indescribable in words.”
After having spoken these words the arhat performed miracles and dis-
appeared all of a sudden. The brahman cherished a deep feeling of awe and
faith and exclaimed
sādhu
(“excellent”) for a long time. He related everything
to the people of the neighborhood and permitted his son to become a monk
to learn and practice [the Buddhist teachings]. He then gained faith and hon-
ored the Triple Gem, and his countrymen have accepted his edification with
more and more earnestness up to this day.
Going from Uḍakhand to the north over mountains and across rivers for more
than six hundred
li,
I reached the country of Udyāna. (This means “park,” as
it was a pleasure garden of a previous wheel king. Formerly it was transcribed
as Wuchang or Wutu, both erroneously. It is in the domain of North India.)
End of Fascicle II of
The Great Tang Dynasty
Record of the Western Regions
70
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