M. A Further Challenge: The Question of Purity (15:1–20)
¹Then Jesus was approached by Pharisees and scribes from Jerusalem, who
asked, ²“Why do your disciples go against the tradition of the elders? They don’t
wash their hands when they eat bread.”
³He replied to them, “Why do you for your part¹ go against God’s commandment
on the basis of your own tradition? ⁴For God said,² ‘Honor your father and
mother,’ and ‘Anyone who speaks evil of their father or mother is to be put to
death.’ ⁵But you say that if anyone says to their father or mother, ‘Any help you
might have expected from me has been set apart [for God],’³ they are not to
honor their parent.⁴ So you have made the word⁵ of God void on the basis of
your own tradition. ⁷You hypocrites, Isaiah made an excellent prophecy about
you when he said,
⁸‘This people honors me with their lips,
but their heart is far away from me;
It is in vain that they worship me,
teaching people to obey merely human rules.’ ”
¹ Then Jesus called the crowd to him and said to them, “Listen and understand
this: ¹¹It is not what comes into the mouth which makes a person unclean, but
what goes out of the mouth—that is what makes a person unclean.”
¹²Then his disciples came and said to him, “Do you realize that the Pharisees
were scandalized by what you said?”⁷ ¹³Jesus replied, “Every plant which my
heavenly Father has not planted will be rooted out. ¹⁴Leave them alone; they are
blind guides,⁸ and if one blind person leads another the two of them will fall into
the ditch.”
¹⁵Peter spoke up and asked, “Explain this¹ parable to us.” ¹ Jesus replied, “Even
now¹¹ are you¹² too still not able to understand? ¹⁷Don’t you realize that
everything that goes into the mouth makes its way into the belly and then is
passed out into the toilet? ¹⁸But what goes out of the mouth comes out from the
heart, and these are the things that make a person unclean. ¹ Out of the heart
come bad thoughts, murders, adulteries, sexual offenses, thefts, false testimonies
and slanders.¹³ ² It is these things that make a person unclean; but to eat without
washing one’s hands does not make a person unclean.”
This is the last substantial episode of Jesus’ public ministry in Galilee, to be
followed, after an extended journey outside Galilee (15:21–39), only by a further
brief account (cf. 12:38–42) of the demand for and refusal of a sign (16:1–4)
before Jesus sets off across the lake and northward to Caesarea Philippi, from
where the journey to Jerusalem will begin. Its climactic significance is marked
firstly by the fact that the confrontation is not now with local Galilean scribes
but with a delegation “from Jerusalem” (v. 1), thus providing a foretaste of the
confrontation to come; and secondly by Jesus’ most radical pronouncement on a
matter of scribal concern (v. 11) which in effect undermines a significant
principle of the Mosaic law itself. After this dialogue the breach between Jesus
and the scribal establishment is irreparable.
The question of ritual purity has arisen in various ways already, notably in the
miracle stories of chapters 8 and 9 where Jesus has touched a leper, been in
contact with an “unclean” Gentile, visited Gentile territory with its herd of pigs
and its “unclean” demons, been touched by a woman with a menstrual disorder
and touched a dead body, and where more generally his social involvement with
“tax-collectors and sinners” has provoked Pharisaic indignation. The issue would
have been constantly present for one known as a healer, and it is likely that
among the large numbers healed at Gennesaret in 14:34–36 there would have
been some who were ritually unclean because of their illness. The present
discussion, therefore, though introduced by what seems to us a relatively trivial
objection, went to the heart of Jesus’ ministry, and the following pericopes will
illustrate more fully Jesus’ willingness to transcend the barriers of Jewish
“purity” as he travels in non-Jewish territory, meets with a Canaanite woman and
expels her daughter’s “unclean” spirit and goes on to share Israel’s bread with
the Gentile “dogs.” His radical rewriting of the concept of purity here in v. 11
thus fits into a developing motif of his ministry.
It is commonly suggested that in two ways Matthew has drawn back from the
full implications of Jesus’ pronouncement on what it is that defiles, as compared
with the Marcan account: (a) he does not include Mark’s bold editorial comment
that thus Jesus “made all foods clean” (Mark 7:19);¹⁴ and (b) his concluding
summary in v. 20 takes us back to the specific issue of handwashing which,
however important to the Pharisees, was not a matter specfically regulated by the
OT law as the matter of clean and unclean food was. It may be true that Matthew
has been more cautious, and has restricted himself to Jesus’ remembered words
without also echoing Mark’s comment on them, but he still records Jesus’ key
pronouncement (v. 11) and the following commentary on it (vv. 18–19) no less
explicitly than Mark,¹⁵ and in the light of the controversy over Christian
observance of the food laws which had so occupied the church in the decades
after Jesus’ death Matthew can hardly have been unaware of the radical
significance of the principle that defilement comes from inside not from outside.
The powerful polemic against scribal tradition in vv. 3–9 surely also confirms
that Matthew, no less than Mark, is aware that relations between Jesus and the
scribes have reached breaking-point.
It is hard to exaggerate the significance of ritual purity for the Pharisaic
ideology, which the majority of scribes supported, and which became the basis
of later rabbinic orthodoxy. A large proportion of the halakhic traditions which
later came to be codified in the Mishnah focus on this issue in one way or
another (particularly in the last of the six main divisions of the Mishnah, entitled
Ṭeharot, “Cleannesses”). The principle, set out at length in the OT law, is that in
order to participate in the life and worship of God’s holy people a person must
avoid “defilement” which might arise through eating or drinking unclean food,
through unclean bodily conditions especially those involving fluid discharges, or
through contact with unclean things or people. Any such defilement must be
purified by prescribed rituals and by the passage of stipulated periods of time
before a person could be readmitted to the community and its worship. The
purity of God’s people separated them from all others, and the food laws thus
became a barrier to social intercourse between Jew and Gentile. It was this that
caused the long and painful dispute within the early church when Gentiles began
to come in on equal terms with Jews; Peter’s experience at Joppa and in the
house of Cornelius (Acts 10:9–48) vividly illustrates the extent of the mental
revolution required for a Jew to come to terms with the equal inclusion of
“unclean” Gentiles. Even if it took some time for its full implications to be
grasped, Jesus’ pronouncement in v. 11 provided the theoretical basis for the
major change of perspective which would soon be required of all Jewish
Christians.¹ That the issue took so long to be resolved is to be attributed more to
natural religious conservatism than to any lack of clarity in Jesus’
pronouncement on the subject.
It is ironical that this radical declaration which undermines the food regulations
of the Mosaic law (especially Lev ch. 11; also Lev 17:10–16), should be
contained in a pericope in which Jesus has just accused his opponents of
undermining that same law by their own traditions (vv. 3, 6). It might be argued
that the example by which he illustrates his charge relates to a fundamental
ethical principle of the law, enshrined in the Decalogue, while the food laws
which his pronouncement invalidates are of more peripheral significance. But
that is to import a more recent categorization of the law into “central” and
“peripheral” or into moral and ceremonial of which there is little trace in first-
century thinking. Jesus’ pronouncement may perhaps be seen as the first pointer
toward a new, Christian, re-evaluation of the OT laws which will find a fuller
expression in the argument of the Letter to the Hebrews that the whole sacrificial
system is now obsolete in the light of Christ’s one, perfect sacrifice. But he gives
his scribal opponents and his disciples no such basis on which to evaluate his
rejection of the principle of externally contracted impurity, and it is not easy to
see either in Jesus’ own time or in that of the gospel’s first readers how this
might have been squared with his assurance that he had not come to abolish the
law (5:17).¹⁷ We see here the tension which runs through so much of NT
Christianity (and which we have seen illustrated to a significant degree in
Matthew 5:17–48) between faithfulness to the scriptural tradition and the
acceptance of a radically new perspective on the service of God which cannot
leave legal observance unaffected.
All that relates to v. 11 and its exposition in vv. 17–19, with its unavoidable
implications for the OT laws of purity. But handwashing¹⁸ itself, the issue which
has given rise to the debate, was not a legal requirement, at least for ordinary
Jews. Whatever may have been the common-sense demands of hygiene
(particularly when food was taken from a common dish), the only regular ritual
handwashing required in the OT law is that of the priests before undertaking
their cultic duties (Exod 30:18–21; 40:30–32) or eating the sacrificial food (Lev
22:4–7).¹ It was subsequent scribal rulings that attempted to extend this
principle to the eating of ordinary food, and to people other than priests (on the
principle that Israel as a whole was a “priestly nation”), and it is uncertain how
far this process had advanced by the time of Jesus.² It is likely that ordinary
people would have found no problem with the practice of Jesus’ disciples, and
that this group of Jerusalem teachers are expecting of them a more rigorous
standard than was yet recognized in Galilee. As a religious teacher, they perhaps
imply, surely Jesus could not afford to allow his disciples more laxity than the
Pharisees expected of their followers.²¹ In roundly asserting that true purity does
not depend on ritual handwashing (v. 20), Jesus would thus not only be himself
in no tension with the OT law on this point, but would also challenge the right of
the scribes to impose non-biblical rules on others. All this falls within the scope
of legitimate scribal debate; it is when Jesus goes on to question the very nature
of purity in itself that he, not his Pharisaic opponents, opens up the issue of the
continuing validity of the OT law.
The whole pericope is paralleled (in a rather more expansive form) in Mark 7:1–
23. Apart from Matthew’s less sharp focus on Jesus’ radicalism (see above),
there is an interesting difference in their structuring of the opening dialogue. In
Mark Jesus responds to the scribal challenge by immediately calling them
“hypocrites” and launching into the polemical quotation from Isa 29:13; the
explanation for his onslaught then follows as he accuses them of allowing their
tradition to override the Mosaic law. But in Matthew that charge is first set out,
with the quotation following as a comment on it. Mark’s version is more
arresting, but leaves the reader unsure what is the basis of Jesus’ charge of
hypocrisy until after the quotation has been read; Matthew’s is typically a less
dramatic but more logical order.
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