NOTES
1
. workings
—
горн,
выработки
2.
shield
— щит (машина для проведения подземных выработок и туннелей,
ограждающая рабочих от обрушивающихся пород и осуществляющая выемку и
погрузку вынутой породы в вагонетки)
3.
shuttle trains
—челночные поезда
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1
depth
[depǿ]
n
глубина
chuqurligi
2
middle
['midl]
n
середина
markazi
3
expand
[iks'pænd]
v
расширять(ся);
kengaymoq
4
in favour of
['feivə]
в пользу
foydasiga
5
doubt
[daut]
n
сомнение
shubha
6
bore
[bכ:]
v
бурить, сверлить
teshmoq
7
extremely
[iks'tri:mli]
adv
крайне, чрезвычайно
O’ta
8
tool
[tu:l]
n
инструмент, орудие
Jihoz,qurol
9
compress
[kəm'pres]
v
сжимать, сдавливать
siqmoq
10 wave
[weiv]
n
волна
To’lqin
11 against
[ə'gemst]
prep
против, напротив
Qarshi
12 rate
[reit]
n
скорость, темп
Tezlik, temp
13 manner
['mænə]
n
метод, способ
Metod,usul
14 beneath
[bi'ni:ǿ]
prep
под, ниже
Ostida
15 owing to
['ouin]
prep
благодаря, вследствие
Sababli
16 figure
['figaə]
n
цифра; рисунок, схема
Raqam, rasm,sxema
17
s
uppose
[sə'pouz]
v
полагать, считать
Hisoblamoq
18 permit
[pe'mit]
v
позволять, разрешать;
Ruxsat bermoq
19 journey
['dзə:ni]
п
поездка, путешествие;
рейс
Sayr, reys
20 interfere
(with) [ntə'fiə]
v
мешать,
Xalaqit bermoq
21 affect
[ə'fekt]
v
влиять, воздействовать
Ta’sir ko’rsatmoq
22 prepare
[pri'pεə]
v
подготавливать, готовить Tayyorlamoq
23 scheme
[ski:m]
n
план, проект
Loyiha
24 course
[kכ:s]
n
курс, ход
kurs
25 pair
[рεə]
п
пара
jufti
26 certain
['sə:tn]
а
определенный,некоторый Aynan, shubhasiz
27 degree
[di'gri:]
n
степень; градус
Daraja
28 on account
of [ə'kaunt]
из-за, вследствие
Sababli
29
report
[ri'pכ:t]
v
сообщать;
п
доклад;
сообщение
Xabar bermoq
THEME: RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION
I
(1) World railways are now busy in search of ways to increase their economic efficiency and
the speeds of passenger and goods trains. One essential condition to achieve this is electric
traction.
(2) The first attempt to apply electricity to transport purposes was made by Jacobi, a
Russian physicist and electrical engineer. In 1838 he ran an electric boat at a speed of about
5 kph on the Neva river.
(3) Another major success in using electric power was made by Werner von Siemens who
was the first to produce a passenger electric locomotive. His locomotive was demonstrated
at the ,exhibition in Berlin in 1879, It was a miniature four-wheeled loco hauling up to thirty
passengers at a time round a narrow-gauged track 275 m long. The locomotive was so small
that the (driver straddled it like a horse. But it was a practical locomotive which was furnished
with power from the third rail placed in the track between the two running rails.
1
4) Two years later, a small electric railway, the first one in the world, was put into operation
in Berlin. This line was soon followed by an electrically-operated railway brought into use in
the British Isles. It was an underground railway in London opened to traffic in 1890.
(5) The Soviet engineers always took interest in railway electrification. As is known, it was
V. I. Lenin who put forward the idea of the country's electrification. To realize this idea
200 outstanding Russian scientists, engineers and economists set to work. As a result, the
GOELRO Plan was worked out in 1920. According to the plan the first railways to be
electrified' were the ones carrying both heavy freight and passenger traffic as well as the
suburban railways near big cities, such as Moscow, Leningrad and Kiev, с Since that
time railway electrification advanced rapidly.
(6) The world's longest Moscow—Lake Baikal electric railway put into service in 1961.
Now the Soviet Union has about a quarter of the whole electrified network in the world.
(7) In spite of having a relatively short history electric traction has made a remarkable
progress. Now, one can say that electric railways perform valuable service on every continent.
II
(8) When we study the geographical location of the routes over which electric traction
is employed, we see, first of all, that the suburban railway routes of big cities with their dense
and constant traffic are operated by electric trains. We see, again, that the heavily-used trunk
lines are most efficiently operated by electricity. Further, railways in mountainous country,
with heavy gradients,
2
are among the earliest to be converted to electric haulage.
(9) The chief attractions of electric haulage are four in number. One is great rapidity of
acceleration. The next advantage is that the electric locomotive is always ready for use and
can remain
1
in Service for practically the whole of, twenty-four hours continuously. It follows
that under electrification the maintenance and operation costs are relatively cheap. Yet another
essential benefit to be obtained is the ability of electrics to haul very long and heavy trains for
there is practically no limit to the energy to be taken by the locomotive from the catenary.
Besides, of all the existing kinds of traction it is the electric haulage that is most promising as
regards speeds.
(10) The electric rolling stock is of two types, namely, locomotive-hauled trains and multiple-
unit (m-u) trains, the latter being composed of motor coaches and trailers, that is, coaches
without traction motors.
(11) Thanks to their rapid acceleration m-u trains are most suitable for suburban railways
with their frequent stops and frequent services. As to electric locomotives they are mainly
used to haul long-distance goods and passenger trains.
(12) Electric railways may use either direct or alternating current. For the electric current to
be fed to the trains the conductor rails or a system of overhead wires, often called the
catenary, are needed. It is the power supply system that makes railway electrification a
costly business since electric haulage makes it necessary for railways to be equipped with a
whole system of electrical substations and cables to bring the power to the track. Because of a
high construction cost railway electrification is justified on the railways with a high density
of traffic. Thus the greater the density of traffic the more favourable situation for the operation
of electric trains.
(13) There are some other drawbacks of electric haulage to be mentioned. For example, the
electric trains cannot run anywhere beyond the lines equipped with the catenary. Besides, any
serious breakdown in the power supply system can bring a large number of trains to a stand.
In hard winter conditions the icing of the overhead wire or the conductor rail causes
many troubles on electrified lines.
(1) Jahon temir yo'llari hozirgi vaqtda iqtisodiy samaradorligini va yo'lovchi va yuk poyezdlari
tezligini oshirish yo'llarini izlash bilan band. Bunga erishishning muhim shartlaridan biri elektr
tortishdir.
(2) Elektr energiyasini transport maqsadlarida qo'llashga birinchi urinish rossiyalik fizik va
elektrotexnika muhandisi Yakobi tomonidan qilingan. 1838 yilda u Neva daryosida soatiga 5
km tezlikda elektr qayig'ini boshqargan.
(3) Elektr energiyasidan foydalanishda yana bir katta muvaffaqiyatga birinchi bo'lib yo'lovchi
elektrovozini ishlab chiqargan Verner fon Simens erishdi. Uning lokomotivi 1879 yilda
Berlindagi ko'rgazmada namoyish etildi, u uzunligi 275 m bo'lgan tor o'lchovli yo'l bo'ylab bir
vaqtning o'zida o'ttiz nafargacha yo'lovchini tashiydigan miniatyura to'rt g'ildirakli lokomotiv
edi. Lokomotiv shunchalik kichkina ediki, (mashinist uni otga o'xshab bosib o'tdi. Lekin bu
amaliy lokomotiv bo'lib, u ikki harakatlanuvchi relslar orasidagi yo'lga o'rnatilgan uchinchi
relsdan quvvat oladi.1).
4) Ikki yildan so'ng Berlinda dunyoda birinchi bo'lgan kichik elektr temir yo'l ishga tushirildi.
Tez orada bu liniyadan keyin Britaniya orollarida elektr bilan boshqariladigan temir yo'l ishga
tushirildi. Bu 1890 yilda Londonda qatnov uchun ochilgan er osti temir yo'li edi.
(5) Sovet muhandislari har doim temir yo'llarni elektrlashtirishga qiziqish bildirgan. Ma'lumki,
mamlakatni elektrlashtirish g'oyasini ilgari surgan V. I. Lenin edi. Ushbu g'oyani amalga
oshirish uchun 200 ga yaqin rus olimlari, muhandislari va iqtisodchilari ishga kirishdilar.
Natijada, 1920 yilda GOELRO rejasi ishlab chiqildi. Rejaga ko'ra, birinchi navbatda og'ir yuk
va yo'lovchi tashuvchi temir yo'llar, shuningdek, Moskva kabi yirik shaharlar yaqinidagi
shahar atrofi temir yo'llari elektrlashtirildi. Leningrad va Kiev, s O'shandan beri temir yo'llarni
elektrlashtirish tez sur'atlar bilan rivojlandi.
(6) Dunyodagi eng uzun Moskva - Baykal ko'li elektr temir yo'li 1961 yilda foydalanishga
topshirilgan. Hozirda Sovet Ittifoqi dunyodagi butun elektr tarmog'ining chorak qismiga to'g'ri
keladi.
(7) Nisbatan qisqa tarixga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, elektr tortish ajoyib muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.
Endi aytish mumkinki, elektr temir yo'llari har bir qit'ada qimmatli xizmat ko'rsatadi.
II
(8) Elektr tortish quvvati qo'llaniladigan marshrutlarning geografik o'rnini o'rganar ekanmiz,
birinchi navbatda, zich va doimiy harakatga ega bo'lgan yirik shaharlarning shahar atrofidagi
temir yo'l yo'nalishlarida elektr poyezdlari harakatlanishini ko'ramiz. Biz yana ko'ramizki, ko'p
foydalaniladigan magistral liniyalar elektr energiyasi bilan eng samarali ishlaydi. Bundan
tashqari, tog'li o'lkada temir yo'llar og'ir gradyanli2 bo'lib, elektr transportiga o'tkazilgan eng
birinchilardandir.
(9) Elektr transportining asosiy diqqatga sazovor joylari to'rtta. Ulardan biri tezlashuvning
katta tezligi. Keyingi afzallik shundaki, elektrovoz har doim foydalanishga tayyor va deyarli
butun yigirma to'rt soat uzluksiz xizmat ko'rsatishda qolishi mumkin. Bundan kelib chiqadiki,
elektrlashtirish sharoitida texnik xizmat ko'rsatish va foydalanish xarajatlari nisbatan arzon.
Yana bir muhim afzallik - bu elektrning juda uzoq va og'ir poezdlarni tashish qobiliyatidir,
chunki lokomotiv tomonidan katenardan olinadigan energiya deyarli cheklanmagan. Bundan
tashqari, barcha mavjud tortish turlaridan tezlik bo'yicha elektr transporti eng istiqbolli
hisoblanadi.
(10) Elektr harakat tarkibi ikki xil, ya'ni lokomotivli poezdlar va ko'p agregatli (m-u) poezdlar,
ikkinchisi avtovagonlar va tirkamalar, ya'ni tortish motorlari bo'lmagan vagonlardan iborat.
(11) Tez tezlashishi tufayli m-u poezdlar tez-tez to'xtab turishi va tez-tez qatnovi bilan shahar
atrofi temir yo'llari uchun eng mos keladi. Elektrovozlarga kelsak, ular asosan uzoq
masofalarga yuk va yo'lovchi poezdlarini tashish uchun ishlatiladi.
(12) Elektr temir yo'llari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yoki o'zgaruvchan tokdan foydalanishi mumkin.
Poezdlarga elektr tokini etkazib berish uchun o'tkazgich relslari yoki ko'pincha katenar deb
ataladigan havo simlari tizimi kerak. Aynan elektr ta'minoti tizimi temir yo'lni
elektrlashtirishni qimmatga tushadigan biznesga aylantiradi, chunki elektr transporti temir
yo'llarni elektr nimstansiyalari va kabellarning butun tizimi bilan jihozlashni talab qiladi.
Qurilish qimmatligi tufayli temir yo'lni elektrlashtirish yuk tashish zichligi yuqori bo'lgan
temir yo'llarda oqlanadi. Shunday qilib, harakat zichligi qanchalik ko'p bo'lsa, elektr
poezdlarining ishlashi uchun qulayroq sharoit mavjud.
(13) Elektr transportining boshqa kamchiliklari ham bor. Masalan, elektr poyezdlari katenar
bilan jihozlangan liniyalardan tashqari hech qanday joyga yura olmaydi. Bundan tashqari,
elektr ta'minoti tizimidagi har qanday jiddiy buzilish ko'plab poezdlarni stendga olib kelishi
mumkin. Qattiq qish sharoitida havo simi yoki o'tkazgich relslarining muzlashi
elektrlashtirilgan liniyalarda ko'plab muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi.
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