Notes
1.
Gliding Railway
—железная дорога, основанная на принципе скольжения
2.
balloon railway
—железная дорога, на которой поезда
приводились в движение
с помощью воздушного шара –Ҳаво шари ёрдамида поездларни харакатлантирувчи
темир йўли.3.
slide
—
зд.
ползунок-
4.
stream-lined —
имеющий обтекаемую форму-силиқ шаклга эга бўлган
5.
tube-flight concept —
идея скоростного «полета» в трубе
-қуврдаги
юқори”учиш”
фикри
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1
usual
['ju:3uəl]
а
обычный
Odatiy
2
research
[ri'sə:tf]
n
исследование, научная
работа
Izlanish
3
aim
[eim]
n
цель
Maqsad
4
cheap
[tfi:p]
а
дешевый
Arzon
5
point of view
[vj:u]
точка зрения
Nuqtai nazar ,
6
without
[wi'6aut]
prep
без
-siz
7
wheel
[wi:l]
n
колесо
G’ildirak
8
move
[mu:v]
v
двигаться
Harakatlanmoq
9
base
[beis]
v
основывать
Asoslanmoq
10
attain
[ə'tein]
v
достигать
Erishmoq
11
prove
[pru:v]
v
доказывать
Asoslamoq, isbotlamoq
12
since
[sins]
cj
так как
Shunday qilib
13
investigate
[in'vestigeit]
v
исследовать,
расследовать
Izlanib topish
14
apply
[ə'plai]
и
применять
Qo’llamoq
15
further
[fe:bə]
а
дальнейший
Keyinchalik
,qo’shimcha
16
strange
[streind3]
а
странный
G’ayritabiy
17
facilitate
[fə'sliteit]
v
облегчать
Yengillashtirish
18
instead
of [in'stedəv]
prep
вместо
O’rnida
19
load
[loud]
v
грузить
Yuklamoq
20
install
[in'stכ:l]
v
устанавливать
O’rnatmoq
21
like
[laik]
adv
как, подобно
Kabi, dek
22
decrease
[di:'kri:s]
v
уменьшать
Kamaytirish
23
friction
[frikfən]
n
трение
Ishqalanish
24
loss
[lכs]
n
потеря
Yo’qotish
25
expect
[iks'pekt]
v
ожидать, предполагать
Kutmoq, taxmin qilmoq
26
whether
['webə]
cj
ли
Yoki
27
care
[kεə]
п
забота, внимание
G’amxo’rlik
28
source
[sכ:s]
n
источник
Manbaa
29
transfer
[trsæns'fə:|
и
перемещать, передавать O’tkazmoq
30
rear
[riə]
n
задняя сторона
Orqa tomoni
THEME: UNDERGROUND RAILWAYS
I
(1)
The underground railways as a kind of city transport appeared in the second half of the
19th century. The first underground system was proposed for London by Charles Pearson
in 1843. But most people criticized the project. It was spoken of as a fantasy. Indeed,
when constructed, the Metropolitan line, as it was called, was not a success.
The world’s
first underground railway, the London Underground, opened on the 10th of January,
1863.
It was a short distance railway, only a few miles in length, and Londoners
went on travelling by surface transport as they feared to get deep under the ground. But
this situation did not last long. Wishing to attract more passengers to the underground railway
Alfred Stanley, General Manager of the Metropolitan line, filled the stations with flowers
and wild animals in cages
;
(2)
While travelling, however, public experienced many discomforts. The tunnels were made
as small as possible in order to reduce the construction costs. The coaches themselves were
small and narrow. No wonder
1
that people called this underground line a "sardine-box
railway". The small windows in the trains were made in the roof so that passengers could see
nothing. The oil and gas lamps used gave little light. So passengers wishing comforts while
travelling, had to take candles with them together. The steam locomotives filled the tunnels
with steam and smoke. It was this discomfort that later on made engineers introduce
electric traction for hauling train Ton underground railways.
(3)
When put into service, electric trains , eliminated steam and smoke and ensured a
much more frequent service for passengers: Since that time the construction of great rapid
subway systems in such great cities as London, New York, Berlin and Moscow has become,
practicable.
II
The Tashkent Metro (Uzbek: Toshkent metropoliteni) is the rapid transit system serving the
city of Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. It is one of only two subway systems currently
operating in Central Asia (the other one being the Almaty Metro). It was the seventh metro to
be built in the former USSR, opening in 1977. Its stations are among the most ornate in the
world. Unlike most of the ex-Soviet metros, the system is shallow .
The Tashkent Metro consists of three lines, operating on 36.2 kilometres (22.5 mi) of route
and serving 29 stations. In 2013, the metro carried 59.2 million passengers, which corresponds
to a daily average of approximately 162,200 riders.
The Tashkent Metro comprises three lines which operate on 36.2 kilometres (22.5 mi) of route
and serve 29 stations. Planning for the Tashkent Metro started in 1968, two years after a major
earthquake struck the city in 1966. Construction on the first line began in 1972 and it opened
on November 6, 1977 with nine stations. This line was extended in 1980, and the second line
was added in 1984. The most recent line is the Yunusobod Line, the first section of which
opened in 2001.
A northern extension of this line is currently under construction, and a fourth line was to start
construction in 2010, but has been delayed.
The depth of the metro's underground tunnels varies between 8–25 metres (26–82 ft). The
strong construction of these three lines can resist earthquakes of a magnitude of 9.0 on the
Richter scale.It sports a 1,520 mm gauge and a third rail power supply (825 V DC). The
average station distance is 1.40 kilometres .
Yer osti temir yo'llari
(1) Er osti temir yo'llari shahar transportining bir turi sifatida 19-asrning ikkinchi yarmida
paydo bo'lgan. Birinchi er osti tizimini London uchun 1843 yilda Charlz Pirson taklif qilgan.
Lekin ko'pchilik loyihani tanqid qilgan. Bu xayol deb aytildi. Darhaqiqat, qurilganida,
Metropolitan liniyasi, deyilganidek, muvaffaqiyat qozonmadi. 1863-yilning 10-yanvarida
dunyodagi birinchi yer osti temir yoʻli London metrosi ochildi. Bu qisqa masofali temir yoʻl
edi, uzunligi bor-yoʻgʻi bir necha mil edi va londonliklar yer ostiga chuqur kirib qolishdan
qoʻrqib, yer usti transportida sayohat qilishda davom etishdi. . Ammo bu holat uzoq davom
etmadi. Metropolitan liniyasining bosh menejeri Alfred Stenli yer osti temir yo'liga ko'proq
yo'lovchilarni jalb qilishni istab, bekatlarni gullar va qafasdagi yovvoyi hayvonlar bilan
to'ldirdi;
(2) Sayohat paytida odamlar ko'p noqulayliklarni boshdan kechirdilar. Tunnellar qurilish
xarajatlarini kamaytirish uchun imkon qadar kichikroq qilib qurilgan. Murabbiylarning o'zlari
kichik va tor edi. Odamlar bu er osti liniyasini "sardak temir yo'li" deb atashgani ajablanarli
emas. Poyezdlardagi kichik derazalar yo‘lovchilar hech narsani ko‘rmasligi uchun tomga
qilingan. Amaldagi neft va gaz lampalari kam yorug'lik berdi. Shunday qilib, sayohat paytida
qulaylik tilagan yo'lovchilar o'zlari bilan birga sham olishlari kerak edi. Teplovozlar
tunnellarni bug' va tutun bilan to'ldirdi. Aynan shu noqulaylik tufayli keyinchalik muhandislar
Ton er osti temir yo'llarida poezdlarni tashish uchun elektr tortishni joriy qilishdi.
(3) Elektr poyezdlari ishga tushirilganda bug 'va tutunni yo'qotdi va yo'lovchilarga yanada tez-
tez xizmat ko'rsatishni ta'minladi: O'sha paytdan boshlab London, Nyu-York, Berlin va
Moskva kabi yirik shaharlarda katta tezkor metro tizimlari qurilishi boshlandi. , amaliy.
II
Toshkent metropoliteni (oʻzbekcha: Toshkent metropoliteni) — Oʻzbekiston poytaxti
Toshkent shahriga xizmat koʻrsatuvchi tezkor tranzit tizimi. Bu hozirda Markaziy Osiyoda
ishlayotgan ikkita metro tizimidan biri (ikkinchisi Olmaota metrosi). Bu 1977 yilda ochilgan
sobiq SSSRda qurilgan ettinchi metro edi. Uning stansiyalari dunyodagi eng bezakli
metrolardan hisoblanadi. Ko'pgina sobiq sovet metrolaridan farqli o'laroq, tizim sayozdir.
Toshkent metropoliteni 36,2 kilometr (22,5 milya) yo‘nalishda harakatlanuvchi va 29 ta
bekatga xizmat ko‘rsatadigan uchta liniyadan iborat. 2013-yilda metro 59,2 million
yo‘lovchini tashdi, bu kunlik o‘rtacha 162,2 ming haydovchiga to‘g‘ri keladi.
Toshkent metropoliteni 36,2 kilometr (22,5 milya) yo‘nalishda harakatlanuvchi va 29 ta
stansiyaga xizmat ko‘rsatadigan uchta liniyadan iborat. Toshkent metropolitenini loyihalash
1966 yilda shaharda sodir bo'lgan kuchli zilziladan ikki yil o'tib, 1968 yilda boshlangan.
Birinchi liniya qurilishi 1972 yilda boshlangan va u 1977 yil 6 noyabrda to'qqizta stansiya
bilan ochilgan. Bu liniya 1980-yilda kengaytirilgan, ikkinchi qator esa 1984-yilda
qoʻshilgan.Eng oxirgi yoʻnalish Yunusobod liniyasi boʻlib, uning birinchi qismi 2001-yilda
ochilgan.
Hozirda ushbu liniyaning shimoliy yo‘nalishi bo‘yicha qurilish ishlari olib borilmoqda,
to‘rtinchi liniya qurilishi 2010-yilda boshlanishi kerak edi, biroq kechiktirildi.
Metro er osti tunnellarining chuqurligi 8–25 metr (26–82 fut) orasida oʻzgarib turadi. Ushbu
uchta liniyaning kuchli konstruktsiyasi Rixter shkalasi bo'yicha 9,0 magnitudali zilzilalarga
bardosh bera oladi. U 1520 mm kalibrli va uchinchi temir yo'l quvvat manbaiga (825 V DC)
ega. Stansiyaning o'rtacha masofasi 1,40 kilometrni tashkil qiladi.
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