NOTE:
1.
it goes without saying
—не приходится говорить
2.
for handling radioactive elements
—для манипулирования с радиоактивными
элементами
3.
the electricity grid system
—единая энергосистема
ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
1
power
supply
[sə'plai]
энергоснабжение; energiya ta’minoti,
quvvati
2
proper
['рrכpə]
а
правильный,
надлежащий
mos, to’g’ri keladigan
3 generate
['d3enəreit]
v
производить,
вырабатывать
(энергию)
ishlab chiqarmoq
4 thermal
['Ǿə:mə1]
а
Тепловой
issiqlik
5 always
['כ:lwəz]
adv
всегда
doim
6 fuel
[fjuəl]
n
Топливо
yoqilg’i
7 exhaust
[ig’zכ:st]
v
истощать,
исчерпывать
sarflamoq, tugatmoq
8 result
(in) [ri'zΛlt]
v
приводить (к)
natijaga olib kelmoq
9 discover
[dis'kΛvəri]
v
делать открытие
yaratmoq, ochmoq
1 cause
[kכ:z]
n
Причина
sabab (bo’lmoq)
11 compete
[kəm’pi:t]
v
конкурировать
raqobatlashmoq
12 conventional
[kən'venfənl]
а
обычный,
традиционный
odatiy, an’anaviy
13 contain
[kən'tem]
v
содержать, вмещать
o’z ichiga olmoq
14 equal
['i:kwəl]
а
Равный
teng
15 drawback
['drכ:bsæk]
n
недостаток,
отрицательная
сторона
muammo,kamchilik
16 measure
['mезə]
v
измерять,
п
мера
o’lchamoq,
17 locate
[lou'keit] о
размещать;
определять
местонахождение
joylmoq, joyini
aniqlamoq
18 trouble
['trΛbl]
п
авария, затруднение
muammo, qiyinchilik
19 distribute [dis'tnbju:t] v
Распределять
tarqatmoq
20 nuclear
['nju:kliə]
а
Ядерный
yaderniy
21 current
['kΛrənt]
п
электрический ток; elektr toki,
22 alternating ['כ:ltəneitiђ]
current
(а. с.)
переменный ток
o’zgaruvchan tok
23 direct current (d.
с.)
постоянный ток
o’zgarmas tok
24 the
...
the
чем ... тем
qancha…..shuncha….
25 convert (to)
[kən'və:t]
v
преобразовывать(в);
переводить (на)
-ga aylantirmoq,
o’zgartirmoq
26 transform (into)
[trsæns'fכ:m]
v
преобразовывать (в);
превращать
-ga aylantirmoq,
27 lower
[louə]
v
Понижать
pasaytirmoq
28 instrument
['mstrumənt]
n
прибор, аппарат
jihoz, apparat
29 fit
[fit]
v
снабжать,
оборудовать;
устанавливать
jihozlamoq,o’rnatmoq
30 overhead (contact) wire
контактный провод
kontakt simi,
ulanadigan sim
31 due to
['dju: tə]
prep
благодаря, ввиду
-ga ko’ra, …tufayli
32 remote
[ri'mout]
control
дистанционное
управление
Masofaviy boshqaruv
LESSON 12. THEME: CARRIAGES AND WAGONS
I
(1) The cars used on the early railways were very much like the stage-coaches
1
and wagons
travelling on ordinary roads. Although drawn by horses, these vehicles had flanged wheels
2
which kept them on the rails.
(2) The very first freight cars are known to have been used in coal mines in England. They
were open-top wagons which had wooden wheels and were pulled by horses along wooden
rails. They were followed by platform cars, also known as flat cars, upon which the freight
was piled and covered with tarpaulin to protect it from the weather. As the goods often fell
off and were easily damaged, the platforms were fitted with low sides and ends.
Later, covered
cars came into existence.
(3) As time went on and railroads had to carry more and more freight, bigger and better cars
were invented for hauling different kinds of goods. Today, the railroads have several classes
of freight cars, there being many varieties in each class.
(4) The box car is considered to be the most common type of covered car. It is a general-
purpose car intended to carry all kinds of ordinary goods which must _be protected from the
weather. A special type of box car is a refrigerator car used for hauling food products. The
walls, floor and roof of this wagon are air- and waterproof to protect goods from the heat of
the outside air.
(5) Another type of car is a tank car intended for liquid goods. The long cylindrical tank
of the car is filled through an opening on the top and emptied through a special device in
the bottom.
(6) Coal, ore, gravel, and other similar goods are known to be conveyed in open-top cars,
the principal types of these being the gondola and the hopper car.
Both types are designed
for mechanized loading and unloading and, therefore, built especially strong and durable.
(7) The simplest type of car is the flat car. Being usually employed for transporting
rails, beams, timber, and heavy machines, they, if fitted with special devices, can also carry
containers. The container traffic is now coming into wide use on all modes of transport because
it reduces the cost of loading and unloading goods and decreases the danger of their breakage.
The fact is that goods are packed into containers at factories or warehouses and are not
disturbed while in transit, thus being conveyed from "door-to-door".
(8) In addition to the normal-type wagons there exist special freight cars for special kinds of
goods. The example of a special-type car is sure to be a double-deck car
used to carry
automobiles. The conveyance of automobiles by rail has turned out to be more economical
than by road.
II
(9) As mentioned above, the early passenger cars were copied after stage-coaches and were
very small and uncomfortable. In England, the carriages for the first class passengers had
three compartments with soft seats and doors at either side. There was a high seat at the back
for the guard, the baggage being carried on the roof. The second class carriages also had
roofs, but the sides were low and the seats were hard and primitive. As to the third class
passengers, they had to ride in uncovered wagons having no seats at all. The early trains had
neither lighting nor heating.
(10) Some decades later, about 1840, there appeared carriages which looked more like
today's cars. They had the body we are familiar with in modern railways. The body was
mounted on two four-wheel trucks. Inside, these carriages were open from end to end and the
seats were arranged along either side. The carriages were lighted by oil lamps, heated by
stoves, and had wash-rooms at both ends. These cars made it possible for the railroads to carry
much more passengers in a single train, and the increased comfort and conveniences made it
possible for the trains to travel longer routes.
(11) The prototype of the modern sleeping car is known to have appeared in the middle of
the last century and George M. Pullman, an American publisher, is regarded to be its inventor.
(12) We know the passenger rolling stock of today to comprise several types of cars. There
exist sleeping and dining cars, coaches for day and night service, saloon coaches for
tourists, etc. The modern rolling stock is built with two. types of inside arrangement. One is
the compartment type with a side corridor, and the other is the open vehicle with a central
passage.
(13) Many innovations have been introduced in car construction since the early days.
Modern carriages are made of light-weight steel, aluminium and plastics. The application
of these materials has resulted in considerable reduction of the rolling stock weight and, in
addition, has increased the resistance of cars to corrosion. That is to say, these materials and
design improvements have provided better performance of cars and decreased maintenance
costs.
(14) That railroad travel depends largely upon the standards of railroad cars and service
seems to be quite evident. At present, most long-distance trains are being furnished with
fluorescent lighting and air-conditioning, the former gives a considerable saving in power
compared to conventional lighting. As regards the air-conditioning, it is likely to be one of the
most remarkable developments being introduced on railways. Although it involves extra
weight and cost, its application is justified by the comfortable conditions of travel. If
universally introduced, these and other improvements will allow railways to compete more
successfully with air and road transport.
Vagon va Vagonlar
I
(1) Ilk temir yo'llarda foydalanilgan vagonlar oddiy yo'llarda harakatlanadigan vagonlar va
vagonlarga juda o'xshardi. Garchi otlar tomonidan tortilgan bo'lsa-da, bu transport
vositalarining relslarda ushlab turuvchi gardishli g'ildiraklari2 edi.
(2) Eng birinchi yuk vagonlari Angliyadagi ko'mir konlarida ishlatilganligi ma'lum. Ular
yog'och g'ildiraklari bo'lgan va otlar tomonidan yog'och relslar bo'ylab tortilgan ustki ochiq
vagonlar edi. Ularning ortidan yassi vagonlar deb ham ataladigan platformali vagonlar
ketayotgan bo'lib, ular ustiga yuk uyib qo'yilgan va ob-havodan himoya qilish uchun brezent
bilan qoplangan. Tovarlar tez-tez yiqilib, osongina shikastlanganligi sababli, platformalar past
tomonlari va uchlari bilan jihozlangan. Keyinchalik yopiq avtomobillar paydo bo'ldi.
(3) Vaqt o'tishi bilan va temir yo'llar tobora ko'proq yuk tashishga majbur bo'ldi, har xil turdagi
yuklarni tashish uchun kattaroq va yaxshiroq vagonlar ixtiro qilindi. Bugungi kunda temir
yo'llarda yuk vagonlarining bir nechta sinflari mavjud, ularning har birida ko'plab navlar
mavjud.
(4) Qutili avtomobil eng keng tarqalgan yopiq avtomobil turi hisoblanadi. Bu ob-havodan
himoyalanishi kerak bo'lgan barcha turdagi oddiy yuklarni tashish uchun mo'ljallangan
umumiy maqsadli avtomobil. Vagonning maxsus turi oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini tashish uchun
mo'ljallangan muzlatgichli mashinadir. Ushbu vagonning devorlari, pollari va tomi havo va
suv o'tkazmaydigan bo'lib, yuklarni tashqi havoning issiqligidan himoya qiladi.
(5) Avtomobilning yana bir turi suyuq yuk uchun mo'ljallangan vagon-sisternadir.
Avtomobilning uzun silindrsimon baki yuqoridagi teshik orqali to'ldiriladi va pastki qismidagi
maxsus moslama orqali bo'shatiladi.
(6) Ko'mir, ruda, shag'al va boshqa shunga o'xshash tovarlar ustki ochiq vagonlarda tashilishi
ma'lum, ularning asosiy turlari gondol va bunkerli vagondir. Ikkala tur ham
mexanizatsiyalashgan yuklash va tushirish uchun mo'ljallangan va shuning uchun ayniqsa
kuchli va bardoshli qurilgan.
(7) Avtomobilning eng oddiy turi - tekis avtomobil. Odatda relslar, to'sinlar, yog'och va og'ir
mashinalarni tashish uchun foydalaniladi, agar ular maxsus qurilmalar bilan jihozlangan
bo'lsa, konteynerlarni ham tashishi mumkin. Konteyner tashuvi hozirda transportning barcha
turlarida keng qo‘llanilayapti, chunki u yuklarni ortish va tushirish xarajatlarini kamaytiradi
va ularning sinish xavfini kamaytiradi. Gap shundaki, tovarlar fabrikalarda yoki omborlarda
konteynerlarga qadoqlanadi va tranzit paytida bezovtalanmaydi, shuning uchun "uyma-uy"
dan olib o'tiladi.
(8) Oddiy turdagi vagonlarga qo'shimcha ravishda maxsus turdagi tovarlar uchun maxsus yuk
vagonlari mavjud. Maxsus turdagi avtomobil misolida, avtomobillarni tashish uchun
ishlatiladigan ikki qavatli avtomobil bo'lishi aniq. Avtomobillarni temir yo'lda tashish
avtomobilga qaraganda ancha tejamkor bo'lib chiqdi.
II
(9) Yuqorida ta'kidlab o'tilganidek, dastlabki yo'lovchi avtomashinalari bosqichli
murabbiylardan keyin ko'chirilgan va juda kichik va noqulay edi. Angliyada birinchi toifadagi
yo'lovchilar uchun vagonlar yumshoq o'rindiqli va ikkala tomonida eshiklari bo'lgan uchta
bo'limga ega edi. Orqa tomonda qo'riqchi uchun baland o'rindiq bor edi, tomda yuk ko'tarilgan.
Ikkinchi toifali vagonlarning ham tomlari bor edi, lekin yon tomonlari past, oʻrindiqlari qattiq
va ibtidoiy edi. Uchinchi toifadagi yo'lovchilarga kelsak, ular o'rindiqlari yo'q, ochiq
vagonlarda yurishlari kerak edi. Dastlabki poyezdlarda yorug'lik ham, isitish ham yo'q edi.
(10) Oradan bir necha oʻn yillar oʻtib, taxminan 1840-yilda, bugungi avtomobillarga koʻproq
oʻxshagan vagonlar paydo boʻldi. Ular zamonaviy temir yo'llarda bizga tanish bo'lgan tanaga
ega edi. Kuzov ikkita to'rt g'ildirakli yuk mashinasiga o'rnatilgan. Ichkarida, bu vagonlar
boshidan oxirigacha ochiq va o'rindiqlar har ikki tomonda joylashgan edi. Vagonlar moy
lampalar bilan yoritilgan, pechkalar bilan isitilib, ikki chetida yuvinish xonalari bor edi. Bu
vagonlar temir yo‘llarga bir poyezdda ancha ko‘proq yo‘lovchi tashish imkonini yaratdi va
ortib borayotgan qulaylik va qulayliklar poyezdlarning uzoqroq yo‘nalishlarda
harakatlanishiga imkon yaratdi.
(11) Zamonaviy uyqu mashinasining prototipi o'tgan asrning o'rtalarida paydo bo'lganligi
ma'lum va uning ixtirochisi amerikalik nashriyot Jorj M. Pullman hisoblanadi.
(12) Bizga ma'lumki, bugungi kunda yo'lovchilar harakatlanuvchi tarkibi bir necha turdagi
avtomobillarni o'z ichiga oladi. Yotoq va ovqatlanish vagonlari, kechayu kunduz xizmat
ko'rsatuvchi vagonlar, sayyohlar uchun salon vagonlari va boshqalar mavjud. Zamonaviy
harakat tarkibi ikkitadan iborat. ichki tartibga solish turlari. Ulardan biri yon koridorli kupe
turi, ikkinchisi esa markaziy o'tish joyi bo'lgan ochiq avtomobil.
(13) Dastlabki kunlardan boshlab avtomobil qurilishida ko'plab yangiliklar kiritildi.
Zamonaviy vagonlar engil po'lat, alyuminiy va plastmassalardan yasalgan. Ushbu
materiallarni qo'llash harakatlanuvchi tarkibning og'irligini sezilarli darajada kamaytirishga
olib keldi va qo'shimcha ravishda vagonlarning korroziyaga chidamliligini oshirdi. Ya'ni,
ushbu materiallar va dizaynni yaxshilash avtomobillarning yaxshi ishlashi va texnik xizmat
ko'rsatish xarajatlarini kamaytirish imkonini berdi.
(14) Temir yo'l sayohati ko'p jihatdan temir yo'l vagonlari va xizmat ko'rsatish standartlariga
bog'liqligi aniq ko'rinadi. Hozirgi vaqtda ko'pgina uzoq masofali poezdlar lyuminestsent
yoritish va konditsionerlar bilan jihozlangan, birinchisi an'anaviy yoritishga nisbatan quvvatni
sezilarli darajada tejash imkonini beradi. Konditsionerga kelsak, bu, ehtimol, temir yo'llarda
joriy etilgan eng ajoyib ishlanmalardan biri bo'lishi mumkin. Bu qo'shimcha og'irlik va
xarajatlarni talab qilsa-da, uni qo'llash sayohatning qulay sharoitlari bilan oqlanadi. Agar
universal tarzda joriy qilinsa, bu va boshqa yaxshilanishlar temir yo'llarga havo va avtomobil
transporti bilan yanada muvaffaqiyatli raqobatlashish imkonini beradi.
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