SaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti biznes-inJineringis fakulteti ekonikuri kvlevis meTodebi

6. deduqcia rogorc Semecnebis meTodi: analizis saerTo aspeqti

deduqciis meTodis mniSvneloba iseve didia, rogorc induqciis meTodisa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom nibismieri induqciuri naazrevi ase Tu ise apelirebas ukeTebs deduqcias da piriqiT, yovelgvari deduqciuri daskvna ama Tu im xarisxiT induqciur daskvnas efuZneba.

,,msgavsad marjvena da marcxena fexisa, romelic siaruls emsaxureba, aseve zustad induqcia da deduqcia eTnair Tanabaruflebian meTodebad gvevlinebian.”

deduqcia esaa logikuri daskvna, romelSic xorcieldeba saerTo faqtebidan da debulebebidan calkeul daskvnebamde da ganzogadebamde gadasvla; esaa msjeloba zogadidan kerZosaken, kerZo principebis gamoyvana saerTo wesebidan.

deduqcia Tavisi arsiT esaa induqciis Sebrunebuli meTodi. Tu induqciuri meTodi miemarTeba kerZodan zogadisaken, deduqciuri meTodi ki sapirispirod: zogadidan kerZosken. kvlevis deduqciuri meTodis safuZvlebi jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Caiyara: mTavar rols am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobda aristotele Tavisi formaluri silogizmiT, aseve skeptikosebi (piron elidski).

induqciis msgavsad deduqcia SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas sxvadasxva klasifikaciis prizmaSi. magaliTad, aristoteleseuli deduqcia SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc logikuri, ramdenadac is safuZvlad edo formaluri logikis gamoyvanas. XVII s. frangi moazrovne u. p. dekartisTvis deduqciuri wesebi meTodologiur xasiaTs atarebdnen, ramdenadac isini ayalibebdnen mecnieruli daskvnebis normebs. aseve SeiZleba gamoiyos funqcionaluri da kauzaluri deduqcia da a.S. aseve SesaZlebelia deduqciis klasifikacia codnis saxeebis maTematikuri, fizikuri, sociologiuri da a.S. mixedviT. ekonomikur analizSi gamoyenebul deduqcias SemdegSi Cven avRniSnavT rogorc ekonomikur deduqcias. induqciisa da deduqciis mniSvnelobis kvlevis, maT Soris ekonomikuri mecnierebisaTvis maTi mniSvnelobis Sejameba SeiZleba isev i. p. suslovis sityvebiT moxdes: ,,rogorc analizi da sinTezi, aseve induqcia da deduqcia imyofebian erTianobaSi, urTierTkavSirSi da urTierTdamokidebulebaSi, amasTan isini azrovnebis procesis ganuwyveteli Sinagani dapirispirebulobaa. amitom namdvilad mecnieruli Semecneba SesaZlebelia mxolod maTi erToblivi gamoyenebiT. ekonomikuri kvlevis yovel konkretul aqtze induqcia da deduqcia organulad Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. kvlevis procesi imdenad miemarTeba kerZodan zogadisaken, ramdenadac zogadidan kerZosken. induqcia amzadebs deduqcias, deduqcia afarToebs saqmianobis ares movlenis Semdgomi induqciuri SeswavlisaTvis. induqciidan deduqciaze gadasvla da misgan faqtebis (induqciis) Seswavla mimdinareobs ganuwyvetliv. induqciisa da deduqciis etapebi, misdeven ra erTmaneTs, qmnian erTian qsels, romelsac ekonomikuri sinamdvilis ufro Rrma Secnobisaken mivyevarT.

7. deduqciuri meTodi da deduqtivizmi ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi

deduqciur msjelobebs (es azri iqidan gamomdinare, rac zemoT iTqva, unda gamoiyurebodes cxadad) uzarmazari mniSvneloba aqvs ekonomikuri kvlevebisaTvis.

mTlianad deduqciuri meTodi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc mecnieruli Teoriis Seqmnis meTodi, romlis mTavari Tavisebureba da ganmasxvavebeli niSania logikuri daskvenebis deduqciuri procedurebis gamoyeneba. Tu am meTods gamocdilebisa da eqsperimentze dafuZnebuli hipoTezis wamowevis meTodiT avseben, maSin is iRebs saxelwodebas hipoTetikur-deduqciuri meTodi. SevniSnavT aseve, rom deduqciuri meTodi udevs safuZvlad formalur silogizms.

deduqciuri meTodis gamoyenebiT axali codna miiReba rogorc aqsiomis terminebis da mtkicebulebebis zogierTi amosavali bazisis logikuri Sedegi, amitom SeiZleba vilaparakoT imaze, rom yvela deduqciuri Teoriebi warmoadgenen aqsiomatiuri Teoriis nairsaxeobas. Tavad logikuri meTodi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes an maTematikis, an formaluri logikis wesebidan: pirveli SemTxvevaSi is SeiZleba aRiniSnos rogorc maTematikuri, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki, rogorc formalur-logikuri. aseTi daskvnebis gamotanis Sedegebi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnas an rogorc deduqciis Teoriis SedegTa erToblioba, an rogorc am Sedegebis SesaZlo interpretaciebis jami.

deduqtivizmi – esaa mecnieruli kvlevis meTodologiaSi induqtivizmis sapirispiro mimarTuleba. Tu induqtivizmi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, amtkicebs deduqtiur msjelobebTan pirvelobas, deduqtivizmi, bunebrivia iqceva piriqiT.

deduqtivizmi – meTodologiaa, romelic amtkicebs deduqciis prioritets yvela danarCen mecnierul meTodebTan.

mecnieruli Semecnebis Tanamedrove meTodologiaSi deduqtivizmis apologias Cveulebriv ukavSireben karl poperis filosofiur Sexedulebebs. Ppoperis mixedviT, induqtivizmi warmoadgens yalb meTodologiur koncefcias, sadac mecnieruli WeSmaritebis problema icvleba arasruli induqciis principebis mixedviT ,,samarTalmsgavsi” ,,gamarTlebis” problemiT.

poperis erT-erTi mowafe, mark notturno, am dros miuTiTebs kavSirze, romelic arsebobs induqtivizmsa da ,,komunalistur” (e.i. totalitalur) azrovnebas Soris:

,,komunalisturi azrovneba da induqtivizmi erTmaneTTan ufro dakavSirebulia, vidre amaze vfiqrobT. Kkomunalisturi azrovnebis meSveobiT mxardaWerilia iluzia, TiTqos induqciuri msjelobis daskvnebi emyareba mis wanamZRvrebs. es rom swored iluziaa, Cans im martivi faqtidan, rom ar arsebobs winaaRmdegoba induqciuri msjelobebis wanamZRvrebis mtkicebasa da misi daskvnebis uaryofas Soris. induqciur msjelobebSi ucvlelad mimdinareobs is, rasac kirkegori ,,Sextomas” uwodebs. erTi mtkicebuleba iTvleba WeSmaritebad da meorec aseve. Semdeg, iTvleba, rom es da isic gvevlineba mesame mtkicebulebis gamarTlebad, romelic martivad rom vTqvaT, pirvelidan ar gamomdinareobs. swored aqidan iwyeba yvela tirania. Tavidan, induqtivisti akeTebs arc ise did naxtoms da uwodes mas ,,gamarTlebuls”. Semdeg, Tu aravin ar ewinaaRmdegebeba, is akeTebs ufro met naxtoms da aseve uwodebs mas ,,gamarTlebuls”. bolos da bolos is ase Sedis rolSi da misTvis yvelaferi araferi xdeba.

ekonomikaSi deduqtivizms, aseve rogorc induqtivizms didi xnis tradicia gaaCnia: sawyisebi aq jer kidev maqs veberis avstriuli skolis dros Caido, romlis Semdeg es koncefcia aqtiurad ganaviTara ludvig fon mizem. es ukanaskneli amtkicebda Semdegs:

,,Tuki aRmoCndeba winaaRmdgegoba Teoriasa da gamocdilebas Soris, Cven yovelTvis unda vivaraudoT, rom ver Sesrulda Teoriis mier miRebuli pirobebi, an Cvens dakvirvebaSi raRac Secdomaa... verc erTi gamocdileba ver dagvavaldebulebs Cven uarvyoT an modificireba gavukeToT apriorul Teoremebs” ^[1].

l. mizemis msgavsad, ingliseli ekonomisti laion robinsi deduqtivizmis argumentebs Semdegnairad ayalibebs:

,,ekonomikuri, iseve rogorc nebismieri mecnieruli Teoriebis mtkicebulebebi, bunebrivi gziT deduqciurad gamomdinareoben postulatTa jgufidan, xolo mTavar postulatebad gamodian yvela wanamZRvrebi, romlebic ama Tu im saxiT moicaven martiv da udao gamocdil faqtebs. magaliTad, dovlaTis iSviaToba, romelic Cveni mecnierebis kvlevis sagania sinamdvileSi realurad vlindeba samyaroSi.

Rirebulebis Teoriis ZiriTadi postulatia faqti, romlis mixedviT individebs SeuZliaT TavianTi upiratesobis ranJireba moaxdinon garkveuli wesiT da sinamdvileSic ase iqcevian. warmoebis faqtorebi ufro arseboben, vidre erTi dinamikis Teoriis. mTavari postulatia is faqti, rom Cven zustad ar viciT, romeli dovlaTi iqneba iSviaTi momavalSi. Cven ar gvinda makontrolebeli eqsperimenti maTi dasabuTebis mizniT: isini imdenad ganmtkicdnen Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, rom sakmarisia martivad formulireba da misi cxadad miCneva.

amrigad, ekonomikuri analizis istoriaSi deduqtivizmi principSi uaryofs imis aucileblobas, rom Teoria gamoviyvanoT induqciurad empiriuli msjelobebidan: sakmarisia davsvaT raime postulati an aqsioma da Tu isini sakmao efeqtianad muSaoben (moaqvT fasiani Sedegebi Teoriisa da praqtikis TvalsazrisiT), maSin amosavali (sawyisi) empiriuli msjelobebi saerTod Semowmebas ar saWiroeben. aseTia argumentebi deduqtivizmisa. maTi Semowmeba cxadia, saWiroa ganxorcieldes. aseve poperis falsifikaciis meTodis mixedviT, sanam mocemuli msjelobebi ar aris uaryofili, isini WeSmaritad unda CaiTvalos.

magram ekonomikur mecnierebaSi ,,induqtivizmi-deduqtivizmis dilemis~ mTlianad gadaWra arc ise martivia. is rom gvWirdeba orive –induqciuri da deduqciuri meTodi, Tanxmdebian induqtivistebi da deduqtivistebi, magram ekonomikur kvlevebSi romeli maTgania ukeTesi da ufro produqtiuli... aq ukve gaxsnilia sruli sivrce meTodologiuri diskusiebisaTvis. F