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Furthermore, literature warns for a potential decrease of
organizational attachment
, since
employees are less frequently present at the workplace. Opinions for both the business and
academic environment vary enormously, form a decrease, to no effect, to an increase of
organizational attachment due to NWW implementation. There seem to be generational differences;
individualization of society makes that younger people, who only know NWW, are less connected to
the organization than older generation. Furthermore, the academic environment is claimed to know
less organizational attachment, since academics are more connected to co-scientists in their field of
expertise than colleagues of the same university. NWW implementation may therefore have a
greater effect within the academic environment. However, since academics have been working a lot
from home already, others claim that nothing will happen due to NWW.
A potential decrease in organizational attachment can be prevented by making employees
valued, attracting people to the workplace by creating contact moments and nice work environments.
The workplace is thereby claimed to be very important; it becomes a place for meeting and social
interaction instead of a place focused on just screen work. Bottom line is to get people to the office,
which automatically happens if you create inspiring workplaces where employees want to be and are
facilitated in their needs. While paragraph 3.5 describes what academics value most in their work
environment and which activities they perform (Parkin et al., 2006; Brunia et al., 2012), every
organization or even department has its own needs and work activities. Therefore, future research
can give insight in what specific needs Wageningen UR academics have and which activities they
perform.
Other conclusions based on business environment-focused literature have been confirmed
for the business environment, but not for the academic environment. The visible shift in the business
environment towards
control
on output rather than on presence in the office will be less of an issue
within the academic environment, since academics are claimed to already be controlled on output.
This is consistent with potential increasing levels of autonomy due to NWW; the business
environment will experience an increase of employee autonomy, but the influence on the academic
environment seems harder to predict. Academics are claimed to be at the top of the autonomy
ladder already, but since there is no consensus, evidence for increasing autonomy levels is non-
conclusive.
Informal behavior
is likely to increase when privately owned fixed
workplaces are replaced by
flexible working arrangements. In the business environment this leads to other ways of informal
(cultural)
department forming
, also referred to as group forming, but will not influence the formal
(structural)
department forming
, since this is usually decided from higher hierarchical echelons. For
the academic environment there is more dissonance in opinions regarding other
ways of department
forming, since academic departments are very hierarchical worlds into itself, making a change in
department forming almost impossible.
While respondents were unanimous regarding the increasing
training necessity
when
implementing NWW in the business environment, this is less so the case for the academic
environment. Generally speaking, most respondents have reported an increasing training necessity
within the academic environment, with a few exceptions. When implementing NWW within the
academic environment, the focus should be on creating change-readiness, since academics are
claimed to be more stubborn and less easily adapt to changes. Managers must be convinced to work
according to NWW, since they need to fulfill the important function of role model.
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All respondents have reported that the physical office layout requires changes when
organizational structure and/or culture will change. However, not all respondents think that the
organizational structure and/or culture within the academic environment experiences such a change
due to NWW, since academics already have a NWW-based structure and/or culture. The academic
environment is claimed to be characterized by, for instance, high levels of autonomy and are
controlled on output rather than presence. Academics are claimed to have worked according to
NWW for decades. It may thus be concluded that overall, the academic environment knows an
organizational structure and culture that is already NWW-proof. The business environment is
therefore catching up with the academic environment regarding organizational structure and culture.
However, the physical office layout has not significantly changed within the academic environment,
while the business environment has experienced enormous changes. The academic environment still
has territorial offices. This is not consistent with the NWW style of work. Therefore, the academic
environment seems to be precursor with their structure and culture, but are lagging behind
regarding the physical office layout. The physical office layout of the academic environment needs to
fit with the open and autonomous structure and culture which they are claimed to have.
What the academic office workplace will look like in the future is still unknown. The majority
of respondents have reported that the academic office workplace will change, but they are not
aligned about what it will look like. Therefore, four scenarios have been drawn based on the given
responses. In the first and most drastic scenario the
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