15 |
P a g e
as a way to direct, influence, and shape behaviors, in order to minimize the variability in
behavior (Agarwal, 1999). This can be done by rules, procedures, policy manuals, job
descriptions, work instructions, and so on. Highly formalized jobs are mainly unskilled jobs,
while low formalization is associated with professional jobs. A bureaucratic structure relies
on standardization for coordination, while an organic structure relies more on direct
supervision or mutual adjustment (Mintzberg, 1980).
Huber (1990) claims that ICT facilitates the recording and retrieval of information
about organizational activities, making the control of behaviors and processes through
formalization more viable. Therefore, Bresnahan et al. (1999) claim that tasks are more
organized, routinized, and regulated than before. On the other hand, various research found
a positive relationship between size of an organization and formalization (Pfeffer, 1977;
Bridges & Villemez, 1991; Dobbin et al., 1993; Marsden et al., 1994; Sutton & Dobbin, 1996;
Reskin et al., 1999), and as can be read below at design parameter ‘unit size’, ICT
developments result in smaller unit sizes. This would suggest that ICT developments will
indirectly lead to less formalization. Pfeffer and Leblebici (1977) found that the more
extensive the information technology is, the less formalized decision procedures will be.
Technological developments create a dynamic and unpredictable environment, in which
organizations need an organic structure in order to react swiftly to changes (Lammers et al.,
2000). As described above, this type of structure relies on direct supervision or mutual
adjustment rather than standardization for coordination (Mintzberg, 1980). In other words,
ICT developments create easier ways for formalization, but because of the changing
organizational structure they will perhaps not use this possibility.
Therefore, there seems to be a relationship between ICT and behavior formalization.
Literature supports both an increase (Huber, 1990; Bresnahan et al., 1999) and a decrease
(Pfeffer and Leblebici, 1977) of behavior formalization caused by ICT. Furthermore, behavior
is an important issue when implementing NWW. It is even seen in grey literature as one of
the three B’s concerning NWW (along with bricks and bytes), according to Baane et al. (2010).
Employees’ behavior needs to be formalized in terms of habituating clean desk policy and
paperless offices. However, the habituation and formalization of behavior is described as a
result and not a driver of workplace changes which relate to NWW. Furthermore, Mintzberg
(1980) states that high formalization is associated with unskilled jobs.
Since this study focuses on the office design in an academic setting, thus mainly high
educated employees with professional jobs, behavior formalization is not relevant for this
study and will therefore not be included in the empirical part of this study.
Training and indoctrination
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: