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suggested that NWW influences the number of tasks or the breadth of tasks in a
given position. Consequently, horizontal job specialization will not be included in the
empirical part of this study.
o
Vertical
job specialization
Separates the performance of the work from the administration of it. Vertical
job specialization is about
the separation of leadership and execution of work, thus
the hierarchical distinction in organizations
(Mintzberg, 1979). With vertical job
specialization, the division of labor is linked to the superior-subordinate relationship.
High vertical job specialization means that different hierarchical tasks are not
normally the responsibility of one person. For instance, planning, execution and
control is all done by another person. This is usually the case for low-skilled labor.
When these three dimensions (planning, execution and control) are performed by
one person (mainly for complex jobs, performed by professionals, resulting in more
autonomy (Mintzberg, 1979, 1989)), the vertical job specialization is low (Lloria,
2007).
Various literature shows a connection between ICT developments and
vertical job specialization. Both the studies of Hsieh and Chao (2004) and Boreham et
al. (2008) claim that technological developments result in more task autonomy for
employees as a result of more specialized and professional jobs. ICT will recentralize
decision making (Simon, 1977), and levels of middle management will disappear
(Leavitt and Whisler, 1958). Therefore, the worker carries out more tasks, but also
gains more control over them (Mintzberg, 1979). This suggests that technological
developments will decrease the separation between leadership and execution and
thus create a movement towards lower vertical job specialization.
Vertical job specialization also has importance relating to NWW (white, grey
literature). Time and place independency of NWW requires that employees should
be able to work more autonomously, because there is less control and direct
supervision over their work effort. Organizations will become flatter (e.g. Leavitt and
Whisler, 1958; Simon, 1977; Davenport, 1998). Hence, the hierarchical distinction in
organizations will be changed. NWW asks for more task autonomy of individual
employees and gives them more control over tasks (Den Hengst et al., 2008).
Furthermore, with NWW, the ‘when’ and ‘where’ of work execution is decided upon
by employees themselves (Blok et al., 2012; Ten Brummelhuis et al., 2012; Beckers
and Van der Voordt, 2013). Consequently, it is expected that NWW will have an
influence on vertical job specialization, because workers need to be able to work
independent of their boss being present.
Therefore, vertical job specialization is included in the empirical part of this
study as ‘
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