Thus, in the basic sense as well as in the metaphorical senses of the three prepo-
sitions, we have the same meaning schemata at work:
point/target
for
at
,
cover-
age/contact
for
on,
and
containment/enclosure
for
in
.
The question remains: How can we use such knowledge with learners? How can
we help them take advantage of the systematicity found in prepositions? If we man-
age to convey the basic notions motivating the prepositions (i.e., point/target, cover-
age/contact, containment/enclosure), which are relatively easy to understand, we can
make learners see the meaning aspect of prepositions as well as a connection between
their different uses. This procedure helps learners understand the spatial concepts be-
hind the basic prepositions and also their relation to the metaphorizations. They can
accomplish this learning by visualizing the meaning schemata on all three meaning
levels—for example, a learner can visualize an arrow for
at
(pointing, for example, at
a town, at a specific time on a watch, or at a certain subject in the school report for
“good at math”). For
on,
the learner might visualize the contact between a book and a
table (for “book on the table”) or between the day and the events on that day; the
learner might visualize a problem that is weighing “heavily on my mind” by putting
the problem directly above and in close contact to a person’s head. Finally, a learner
could visualize the different uses for
in
by referring to the liquid contained by a bottle
or a watch on which the area “in the morning” is circled as contained within the rest
of the day, or by drawing people caught in a snowstorm as being completely sur-
rounded by it. All of these uses are prototypical, but they help make the concepts
clear. More marginal examples can follow subsequently.
This approach may be a valid way of building up learners’ knowledge about
prepositions and/or restructuring their knowledge and helping them see the motiva-
tion behind the various usages. We also could teach meaning connections by showing
the network of preposition meaning in a visual way, as noted above—especially for
learners who have problems with more abstract explanations. Learners could then
work on example sentences, taken from actual usage, and explain the reasons for the
writer’s/speaker’s choice of preposition. In this way, they will be encouraged to pay
more attention to the meaning aspect of grammar and will see that grammar is as im-
portant as lexis, for example, and that a structuring principle such as metaphorization
can be found in similar ways on both ends of the lexis-grammar continuum.
ACL and Newer Trends in Foreign Language
Teaching Methodology
ACL seems to tie in well with current approaches in foreign language teaching meth-
odology (“current” from a German perspective, at least). In this section I touch briefly
on some of these approaches and show their connection to a possible ACL approach.
First, I focus on what is called “holistic learning,” following Bach and Timm
(1996), Timm (1995), or Weskamp (2001). This approach maintains that—in con-
trast to traditional, mainly cognitively oriented methods—the whole person should
be taken into account, with all senses involved and both hemispheres active. This
model is highly compatible with an ACL approach because it takes a holistic per-
spective of language and regards general cognitive and perceptual processes as inte-
grally entwined, and it does not sharply delineate language from culture or grammar
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