Dealing with Prepositions in the EFL Classroom
If learners have already been made aware of conceptual metaphors, as a next step one
might deal with metaphorization in the more abstract realm of prepositions. Preposi-
tions, along with the tense and aspect system, are one of the most difficult areas for
German learners of English, who often perceive them as being randomly distributed
over the language. They cannot rely on their German mother tongue because similar
prepositions often work differently in the two languages. For example, compare “at
university” to “in/an der Uni.” If we can represent the meanings and uses of preposi-
tions as being systematic and motivated, this insight may help learners in their acqui-
sition. The ACL account offers some hope in this area.
CL/ACL posit that our basic bodily experiences are spatial, as we come into life
and move in space. The basic prepositions represent spatial relationships. I focus on
at
,
on
and
in;
although I cannot offer a full-fledged account of all the meanings here,
I sketch the meaning differences on three levels: the basic meanings and the
metaphorized meanings of these prepositions on two levels—temporal and abstract.
This is exactly what is different in the ACL approach as compared to more traditional
approaches: Prepositions are not all discussed at the same level; there is a distinction
between the so-called basic (i.e., spatial) uses of the prepositions and the
metaphorized uses of the prepositions. The temporal and abstract uses of the preposi-
tions rely on the basic, spatial meanings, and the mappings keep these meanings par-
tially intact. Thus, if one knows the basic meaning, one can easily deduce the
metaphorized meanings.
I illustrate that with the three prepositions in question, starting with the basic
spatial meanings.
At
is zero-dimensional; it is seen as a precise point in space (exam-
ples:
at the station, at school, at home
).
On
is one- or two-dimensional, depending on
whether it is seen as a line or as a surface, because two objects are in contact or at
least in very close vicinity to each other (examples:
[the picture] on the wall, [the
book] on the table, [the town] on the border
)
. In
is three-dimensional because one
object encloses another (examples:
[the wine] in the bottle, [the spider] in the
shower, [the burglar] in the flat
)
.
Of course these usages are not the only uses of these prepositions; all of them
also can be used temporally—that is, metaphorically. The conceptual metaphor be-
hind the temporal usages is
time is space
. Examples for the temporal
at
are
at mid-
night, at dinner time, at 7
P.M
. Temporal
at
is regarded as a precise point on the
timeline; the preciseness and zero-dimensionality have been mapped from the spatial
usage onto the temporal usage and thus have been kept intact. Examples for the
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