linguistic instantiations, such as
I spent an hour with my grandmother yesterday
;
this
flat tire cost me an hour
;
I lost a lot of time in the traffic jam;
and many others; there
are an unlimited number of such expression. The mental structuring behind all of
these expressions, however, is the “time is money” concept. We talk about time in
money terms because time is an abstract concept that is difficult to express directly;
therefore we turn toward a more concrete physical, spatial, or social domain such as
valued physical objects—in this case money—and map it onto time. Talking about
and conceptualizing
time
in terms of
money
(or a valuable physical object) high-
lights certain properties of
time:
that the human life span is limited, that the amount
of work humans can accomplish during a particular span of time is limited, and so
forth.
The meaning transfer does not happen in a conscious way; it is part of our lin-
guistic and cultural socialization. In a culture in which people are not paid by the
hour, month, or year, this exact mapping presumably would not come into existence.
In this respect, however, there is no large cultural difference between Anglo-Ameri-
can cultures and the German culture, so we find this conceptual metaphor in German
as well, although the linguistic instantiations are not completely identical. Thus, we
do not “spend” time in German, but as in English we can “Zeit investieren” (
invest
time
), “Zeit gewinnen” (
gain time
), “Zeit verlieren” (
lose time
), “Zeit sparen” (
save
time
), “Zeit verschwenden” (
waste time
), and “ein bißchen Geduld kann sich auch
auszahlen” (
a little patience pays off
).
A key notion in Lakoff ’s approach to metaphor is that the mappings from source
to target domains are partial. Thus, when we use concepts from one domain to under-
stand another domain, this mapping process highlights certain properties of the target
domain while obscuring other properties.
In the foreign language classroom metaphors generally have appeared—until to-
day—only in literary analysis. The everyday or conceptual metaphors in which CL is
mainly interested are hardly addressed at all. Working with conceptual metaphors in
the foreign language classroom may help achieve two different goals: raising learn-
ers’ awareness for intercultural differences as well as structuring principles in lan-
guage and thought.
Metaphors always involve cultural knowledge because they develop within a
culture and often are handed down from generation to generation. Therefore, one rea-
son to focus on metaphors in the foreign language classroom is that they can raise
learners’ intercultural awareness and may be used for a contrastive approach. We can
see this benefit, for example, when learners actively work with metaphors in compar-
ing conceptual metaphors, as well as their linguistic instantiations, in English and
German texts of any kind and their own choice—because metaphors are everywhere.
Metaphors also may be connected to the analysis of literature or used as a conscious
strategy in creative writing. Working with metaphors also entails an affective ele-
ment; such an approach may raise the learners’ motivation because uncovering ma-
nipulation is fun and may induce learners to look more closely at language and deci-
pher “hidden meanings.” Furthermore, working with metaphors heightens learners’
potential for monitoring their own output in the foreign language in a more meaning-
ful way. The main point is that working with metaphors is a way to understand how
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