temporal
on
are
on a Sunday, on my birthday, on Christmas Eve
—the day in English
is regarded as the prototypical time unit expressing a stretch of time because our rou-
tine activities in life are mainly organized around days. The temporal
on
preserves
the meaning of coverage (covering a stretch of time) that it already has in its basic,
spatial sense. Finally, examples for the temporal
in
are
in a minute, in 1920, in the
evening
. Thus, all time units shorter and longer than a day use
in
. The temporal
in
preserves the notion of enclosure that is present in the spatial
in
, where a time span is
conceptualized as a container that encloses certain events—we perceive boundaries
(unlike with
on
). This conception, of course, is possible only with durations in the
past or the future because the present is regarded as a precise point on the time line
and therefore is referred to by the temporal
at (at present)
.
What is especially important in this view of prepositions is that the spatial and
temporal uses are closely connected in meaning and that they share the abstracted
meaning features of
point/target, coverage/contact,
and
containment/enclosure
.
Thus, the meaning aspect is highlighted, and if learners internalize the abstract mean-
ings, they need not learn all prepositional uses by heart.
These abstracted meanings also stay intact when we consider the second kind of
metaphorization that we find with prepositions, which is somewhat more complex:
the abstract use of prepositions. The reason for this second metaphorization is that we
do not have too many strategies for all we want to express, so we extend the basic no-
tions that are already present in the language. “Abstract” metaphors refer to notions
such as circumstance, cause, reason, purpose, subject matter, or area. Fewer charac-
teristics of the spatial prepositions are taken over in these mappings, however, than in
the mappings from spatial prepositions onto temporal prepositions; nevertheless,
there
are
common denominators.
The use of abstract prepositions depends to a large extent on the accompanying
verb or adjective. Examples for the abstract
at
are
At Peter’s flattering remark, Helen
blushed. We laughed at this story
(short bout of laughter, in contrast to “laugh
about”). The abstract
at
still refers to a specific event that tends to be very short,
comparable to a point in space or a point in time. Another usage of the abstract
at
is
to refer to a target that is conceived of as a point (pointing to something), as in
He is
good at math
. Examples for the abstract
on
include
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