school and how they perceived having an “accent,” for example, could have affected
them quite differently.
Episode 2
This episode took place during a small-group activity in which the students,
in pairs, were to read nonfiction books and then discuss what they had read. Ana and
Ricardo had paired up to “read” a book on spiders that mainly consisted of large pho-
tographs and minimally descriptive text (mostly labeling). Neither knew how to read
in English, and neither knew much of the other’s language. They relied on narrative
schema, however, to create oral text to accompany each picture, mixing Portuguese
and Spanish:
(1) Ana (looking at a photograph of a tarantula): Mira, es uma . . . [Look, it’s
a . . .]
(improvising a term for
tarantula
): Es uma branca de neve. [It’s a Snow
White]
(2) Ricardo (laughing and agreeing): Si, es una blanca . . . branca de nieve y
ella esta comiendo. [Yes, it’s a Snow White and she is eating]
(3) Ana (turning the page and looking at another photograph of a tarantula):
Y ahora a branca de neve esta dormindo, [And now Snow White is
sleeping]
Ana did not know the word
tarantula
in any language. The playful term that she
chose in Portuguese,
Branca de Neve,
was easily identifiable in Spanish (
Blanca de
Nieve
) as “Snow White,” and of course Ricardo knew that this term was not the
proper name of the spider. Furthermore, we assume that Ana was referring to Snow
White the Disney character, although we can’t be sure because the spider the children
were looking at in the book had white markings on it resembling snowflakes, which
might have triggered Ana’s imaginative choice. In any case, the children joined to-
gether in using the term to create meaning and to establish intersubjectivity. The use
of
Snow White
also provided a discursive vehicle to play with, as evidenced by the
students’ continuation of the narrative as if the spider were both eating and sleeping,
although there were no such representations in the book. This use of language play is
comparable to other forms of play in which children, through imaginal processes,
represent one thing for another—for example, when children pretend a broomstick is
a horse, which they can ride.
An important means of creating ZPDs arose from the participants speaking both
Spanish and Portuguese. Ana’s first two words (turn 1) were Spanish (
mira
and
es
).
She also started the next sentence of the same turn in Spanish (
es
) but then switched
to Portuguese for the phrase “it’s a Snow White.” Ricardo’s response (turn 2) started a
repetition of Ana’s term for the spider but in Spanish (
si, es una Blanca
); then he
switched to Portuguese (
Branca de Nieve
). This switching indicates that he under-
stood the meaning of the term while sustaining the code switching initiated by Ana.
As such, he joined Ana in creating a hybrid code by not only interconnecting two dif-
ferent languages but also labeling the spider as something other than what it is. In her
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