linguistic sophistication in transforming sign for communication and play; moreover,
it seems reasonable to suppose that although the learners were third graders, they
gained important insights into the workings of language and semiotics. Overall, epi-
sode 2 attests to the students’ resourcefulness as learners and the power of dialogic
interaction to make meaning in unpredictable ways.
Although we focused on the co-creation of ZPDs, we also emphasize that this
process is expected to lead to internalization, and both of the episodes in the data
demonstrate affordances for increased awareness of language at the meta-level. Fur-
thermore, over the course of data collection Ana became increasingly aware that she
could use the Spanish she had learned to help her understand English. For example, if
she needed to know the meaning of an English word, she would first ask one of her
peers what it meant in Spanish.
Although we believe that the language play episodes we captured in this study
led to increased metalinguistic awareness, facilitating L2 learning, we do not advo-
cate that teachers attempt to instigate language play in their classrooms. Instead, we
point out that children largely recognize their own need to communicate and make
sense of their world and, as such, spontaneously transform themselves and their ac-
tivity as part of the process of meeting their goals. Indeed, after the study, the class-
room teacher became keenly aware that although she had not understood what the
students were saying at the time of data collection, in fact they were engaged in
highly productive interactions with regard to their language learning.
NOTES
1. The process of abductive reasoning leads to the creation of new ideas and concepts. Prawat (1999)
provides the example of Albert Einstein’s thought experiments, which led to his theory of relativity,
among others.
2.
Activity
should be regarded as cultural-historical frames—for example, what is supposed to happen
in classrooms under a particular system of education in combination with the particulars of what ac-
tually happens.
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