instead of
protective
because -
ic
is a derivative suffix with which they are familiar
(Nation 2001).
In this chapter, we are concerned with the possibility that adult L2 learners
might lack the lexical and morphological ability to benefit from their knowledge of
cognates and that their inability to use cognates effectively might undermine their
writing. As a measure of cognate knowledge, we consider the use of cognates in es-
says. As a measure of morphological ability, we consider the use of derivational suf-
fixes in sentences as morphological units that distinguish nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs. Before turning to our study, we first define terms and discuss the litera-
ture on difficulties involved in learning academic words.
Definitions of Terms
Researchers have defined the term
cognate
in different ways. Moss (1992) uses the
Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
to define the term: “Akin, descended from a
common ancestor (from the Latin
co
⫹
gnatus
).” Whitley (2002) explains that lin-
guists often use this narrow definition. He suggests that many linguists regard words
as cognates only “if they have been inherited from the same ancestor language”
(Whitley 2002, 305). Whitley goes on to argue that linguists would not find such
words true cognates if their resemblance were coincidental or if one or both of the
words were borrowed from a third language. Meara, Lightbown, and Halter (1994)
define
cognate
more broadly, as a word with a similar form and meaning in the
learner’s L1 and L2. (See Carroll 1992 and Nagy et al. 1993 for similar definitions.)
Following these researchers, we define
cognate
as an English word with similar form
and meaning in Spanish. Like others, we ignore linguists’ narrow definition of
cog-
nate
; we note that over the past 1,000 years or so English and Spanish have traded
many vocabulary items, mostly borrowed from the French, often to express technical
or academic knowledge (Whitley 2002). For the sake of focus in this investigation,
we exclude false cognates (such as
embarazada/embarrassed
,
rato/rat
,
lectura/lec-
ture)
that are similar in form but have different meanings in the two languages and
come from different etymological sources. Because we are interested in cognates in
the L2 production of university students, we focus on the use of cognates that share
morphological and semantic information with Spanish words and appear on the Aca-
demic Word List (Coxhead 2000). Throughout this chapter we refer to these words as
cognates/academic words
. Such words are characteristic of academic English.
Academic English
represents the advanced forms of English needed to commu-
nicate effectively in academic settings. Without this variety of English, students are
unable “to enter and complete higher education and to advance in the labor market”
(Scarcella and Rumberger 2000, 1). Knowledge of academic English includes flu-
ency in academic vocabulary.
Simply stated, the term
academic vocabulary
refers to words that are common to
a wide range of academic texts and are not as common in nonacademic texts (Nation
2001). Academic words are not to be confused with technical terms used in specific
disciplines (e.g.,
cell, nucleus, molecule
); they are the generally useful “scientific vo-
cabulary” (Barber 1962) or “subtechnical vocabulary” (Cowan 1974) used across all
academic disciplines (e.g.,
accommodate, inhibit, deviate).
Academic words also are
126
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: