use—has been largely overlooked. Teachers have concerned themselves largely with
teaching word meanings.
This situation is unfortunate, given the heavy emphasis on writing. (California
students are required to take writing exams as part of the California High School Exit
Exams, as well as the California Standards Exams. Many students who go on to col-
lege also take writing exams such as the SAT I, the UC Subject A Exam, and the Cali-
fornia State University [CSU] English Placement Test.) Overall, students in Califor-
nia have not fared well on writing tests. More than 50 percent of the students who
attend CSU and UC campuses fail to pass these exams and require special classes be-
fore they take freshmen writing courses. This study suggests that students’ use of ac-
ademic words might be one obstacle to their writing success.
Highly educated UC students, who have graduated in the top 10 percent of their
high school classes, are doing very poorly with regard to their use of academic words.
Adult L2 learners who are poor writers of English have given evidence that they lack
the ability to use Spanish/English cognates in their writing. Although cognate knowl-
edge might facilitate comprehension, its effect on production seems to be limited.
Analyses of our writing data indicates that Spanish speakers’ knowledge of Spanish
academic words/cognates is not a reliable predictor of their writing proficiency in
English. Moreover, the data suggest that it is not enough to teach Spanish-speaking
students Spanish-English cognates; we recommend that educators identify the set of
academic word cognates and teach Spanish-speaking adolescents these cognates ex-
plicitly, when possible, linking the instruction of etymology to cognates and empha-
sizing the use of cognates in the context of academic writing.
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