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weduana-ôi(-yawa)
good-adj(-f)
‘a good woman’
attr (Aikhenvald 1998: 305)
waôuti
man
iôua-mi
good-adj
‘a big sloth’
pred (Aikhenvald 1998: 306)
yeleta
arrive
ulupe-tSi
foot-loc
peya
one
a:tapi
tree
anetua-ôi
good-adj
a:tapi
tree
anetua-ôi
good-adj
anetua
be.good
a:tapi
tree
niwe
be.high
niwe-ôi
high-adj
a:tapi
tree
‘He (the rabbit) arrived at the foot of a good tree, a good tree. The tree was good. High (it was), a high tree’
53 The affixes tî- and -so/-xi may also “adverbialize verb stems” (Hawkins 1998: 199).
pred (Aikhenvald 1998: 305)
waya
we
awaôapeSia-mi
poor-adj
‘We are poor.’
adv (Aikhenvald 1998: 307)
wa-ha˜
then-paus
nuya
I
crenti
evangelical
ate
until
yaliwa
now
nu-Sia-wa
1sg-stay-nonacc
anetua-ôi
good-adj
anetua-ôi
good-adj
nu-Sia-wa
1sg-stay-nonacc
anetua
good
nu-Sia-wa
1sg-stay-nonacc
ate
until
yaliwa
now
‘Now I am evangelical until now, I live as a good (man), as a good (man) I live, well I live up to now.’
attr, pred, and adv in Warekena
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ST.V/N -ôDER(-gnd) ⇒ (212)
Form 2: N/S ST.V -mi DER ⇒ (213)
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: ST.V S ⇒ (214)
Form 2: N/S ST.V -mi DER ⇒ (215)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V 54
Form 2: ST.V V ⇒ (216)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [pred adv] Construction: [attr pred]
Yagua (Peba-Yagua)
attr (Payne & Payne 1990: 416)
pasííy-dee little-Dim ‘little knife’
quííchiy
knife
54 No examples of simple Adverbs in context have been attested, but some isolated examples are: tsume
‘almost’, matsena ‘in vain’, tsina ‘again’ (Aikhenvald 1998: 396).
attr (Payne & Payne 1990: 454)
sámiy-ra
good-clf.inan
váchuúy
grass
pasto-jù˛
pasture-adl
rá-niy
inan-CLEFT
rá-j˛itya
inan-name
brachiaria
brachiaria
‘Good grass for a pasture is (the kind) called brachiaria.’
attr (Payne & Payne 1990: 454)
cá˛á˛va
heron
sámiy
beautiful
yi-jacha
2sg-be
‘A beautiful heron you (will) be.’
pred (Payne 1985: 96)
Jááryiy
very
sámiy
good
Anita
Anita
ray-yanúju˛ .
1sg-more:than
‘Anita is nicer than me.’
adv (Payne & Payne 1990: 454)
núútyu
what
vóóca
cow
ja˛a˛vyey
grow
sámiy
well
vu˛ u˛ y-múcadii-mu
1.incl-land-loc
‘What (kind of) cow grows well in our land?’
(222) adv (Payne 1985: 417)
Alchíco
Alchíco
rupííy
walk
jááryiy
very
vániira.
fast
‘Alchico walks very fast.’
attr, pred, and adv in Yagua
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ(-dim) N ⇒ (217); (6.4a)
Form 2: V.nmlz/N-clf N ⇒ (218)
Form 3: N G.MOD ⇒ (219)
preD
Function: property predication Form 1: ADJ(-clf).anim S ⇒ (6.4b) Form 2: G.MOD S ⇒ (220)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: V G.MOD ⇒ (221)
Form 2: V ADV ⇒ (222)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –
Yankunytjatjara (Pama-Nyungan)
attr (Goddard 1985: 47)
papa
dog
tjapu
small
tjuJ-ngku
many-erg
mayi
food[acc]
ngalku-ïu
eat-pst
‘The small dogs (puppies) ate the food.’
tjitji
child
maõu
dark
puíka
big[nom]
‘(a) big dark child’
pred (Goddard 1985: 20)
wati
man
nyangatja
this/here
puíka
big[nom]
‘This man (is) big.’
pred (Goddard 1985: 20)
nganaïa
1plnom
pukuí
contented[nom]
nyinga-ngi
sit-pst.ipfv
‘We were contented.’
wati
man
palatja
just.there
pika-tjara
sick-having[nom]
ngari-nyi
lie-prs
/ pupa-nyi
/ crouch-prs
‘The man over there is lying/crouching sick.’
pika
sick
puĘka
big[nom]
ngayulu
1sgnom
ngaõa-nyi
stand-prs
‘I’m really sick.’
(226) adv (Goddard 1985: 29-30)
wati-ngku
man-erg
kaïpa
snake[acc]
nguíu-ngku
fearful-erg
pu-ngu
hit-pst
‘The man hit the snake fearfully.’
(227) adv (Goddard 1985: 29-30)
tjinúu-ngka-ïa
sun-loc-1sg(.erg)
palya-ngku
good-erg
nyanga-nyi
see-prs
‘Tomorrow I’ll look (at it) properly (i.e. in good light).’
attr, pred, and adv in Yankunytjatjara
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ADJst-cas ⇒ (223)
Form 2: N G.MOD-cas ⇒ –55
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: S dem ADJst.cas ⇒ (224)
Form 2: S ADJst.cas nyina-Ø ‘sit, live’/ngari-Ø ‘lie’/pupa-Ø ‘crouch, bend’
⇒ (225)
Form 3: S ADJact.cas nyina-Ø ‘sit, live’ ⇒ (6.21)
aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S ADJact-cas nyina-Ø ‘sit, live’ ⇒ (6.21)
Form 2: S ADJact-cas V ⇒ (226), (6.22c)/(9.2)
Form 3: S G.MOD-cas V ⇒ (227)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred], [pred adv], [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred], [pred adv], [attr pred adv]
Construction: [pred adv], pred/adv
Yimas (Lower Sepik-Ramu)
attr (Foley 1991: 94)
kpa
big
nam
house
‘a big house’
attr (Foley 1991: 94)
kpa-nm
big-house.sg
‘a big house’
nam
house
/ nam
/ house
kpa-nm
big-house.sg
(230) attr (Foley 1991: 94–95)
apak
sister
tNkNt-k-nmaN
heavy-irr-ii.sg
‘a fat sister’
55 No example with context attested.
(231) pred (Foley 1991: 226)
M-n
dist-i.sg
‘He is big’
kpa-n
big-i.sg
anak
cop.i.sg
(232) pred (Foley 1991: 297)
wanwa
knife.ix.sg
wapi-k-wa
become.sharp-irr-ix.sg
‘The knife is sharp’
(233) adv (Foley 1991: 341-342)
paNkra-na-kwanan-kulanaN
1p l.sbj-de f- badly- walk
‘We are walking about aimlessly.’
(234) adv (Foley 1991: 344)
na-mp1-mampi-pucm-api-k
3sg.obj-3du.a- again-time.vii.sg-put.in-irr
‘They both gave him time again.’
attr, pred, and adv in Yimas
attr
Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (228)
Form 2: ADJ-n.cl.num N / N ADJ-n.class.num
⇒ (229)
Form 3: ST.V -k irr-n.class.num N / N/S ST.V- k irr-n.class.num
⇒ (229), (230)
preD
Function: property predication
Form 1: S ADJ-n.cl.num anak cop
⇒ (231)
Form 2: N/S ST.V-k irr-n.class.num ⇒ (232) Form 3: S ADV1-/ADV2-ya ‘come’ ⇒ (7.13) aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression Form 1: ADV1-/ADV2-V ⇒ (233), (8.25), (7.14)/(8.27a) Form 2: ADV2 V ⇒ (8.27b)
Form 3: (S) ADJ/V-mpi adv-V ⇒ (234), (8.26)
Level Overlaps
Root: [attr pred], [pred adv], [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: [attr pred], [pred adv]
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