Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

parts of speech, prototypes, categorization, modification, constructions.

Stockholm 2018 http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-153421

ISBN 978-91-7797-141-2
ISBN 978-91-7797-142-9
^{Department of Linguistics}

Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm

Adverbs
A typological study of a disputed category
Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

Adverbs
A typological study of a disputed category

Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

Ⓧ^c Pernilla Hallonsten Halling, Stockholm University 2018

ISBN (print): 978-91-7797-141-2

ISBN (pdf): 978-91-7797-142-9

Printed in Sweden by Universitetsservice US-AB, Stockholm 2018 Distributor: Department of Linguistics, Stockholm University Cover: Marcin Włodarczak; imagery by NASA’s Earth Observatory

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Contents
Acknowledgements	v
List of Figures	vii
List of Tables	ix
List of Abbreviations	xi
1. Introduction	1
1.1. Part I. Background and methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	3
1.2. Part II. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	3
1.3. Part III. Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	3
1.4. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	4
I. Background and methodology	5
2. Towards a framework for adverbs	7
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	7
2.2. Adverbs from a general perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	7
2.3. Adverbs in theoretical frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	11
2.3.1. Role and Reference Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	11
2.3.2. Event- and individual-oriented adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	14
2.3.3. Functional Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	19
2.3.4. Adverbs as modifiers of predicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	20
2.3.5. Summary of theoretical frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	23
2.4. Adverbs in typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	23
2.5. Phenomena related to adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	27
2.5.1. Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	27
2.5.2. Depictives and resultatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	30
2.5.3. Converbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	33
2.5.4. Summary of related phenomena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	35
2.6. Summary and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	35
3. Modification and its relation to predication	37
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	37
3.2. Defining modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	37
3.3. Adverbial modification and predication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	43
3.3.1. Adverbial modification and primary predication . . . . . . . . . . .	44

2. 
   Adverbial modification and secondary predication 46
   
3. 
   Secondary predicates and complex predicates 49
   
4. 
   Are manner adverbs secondary predicates? 51
   

4. 
   Back to modification 54
   
5. 
   Conclusion 56
   

4. 
   The constructional-typological approach, sampling, and data collection 57
   
   1. 
      Introduction 57
      
   2. 
      The domains of attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives, and adverbs . 57
      
   3. 
      The constructional-typological approach 67
      
   4. 
      Sampling procedure and data collection 73
      
   5. 
      Summary 76
      

2. 
   Results 77
   

4. 
   Results I: adverbs and adverbials 79
   
   1. 
      Introduction 79
      
   2. 
      Languages with simple adverbs 79
      
   3. 
      Languages with other strategies in adv 85
      
      1. 
         Derived adverbs 86
         
      2. 
         Case-formed adverbs 89
         
      3. 
         Adverbials formed by reduplication 91
         
      4. 
         Ideophonic adverbs 92
         
      5. 
         From incorporation to affixation 93
         
      6. 
         Other adverbial encoding 95
         
   4. 
      Summary and conclusion 96
      
5. 
   Results II: Overlaps at the root, form, and lexeme levels 99
   
   1. 
      Introduction 99
      
   2. 
      The root level 100
      
      1. 
         [attr pred] root overlap 100
         
      2. 
         [pred adv] root overlap 102
         
      3. 
         [attr pred adv] root overlap 103
         
      4. 
         Summary of root level overlap 105
         
   3. 
      The word form level 106
      
   4. 
      The lexeme level 107
      
      1. 
         [attr pred] lexeme overlap 108
         
      2. 
         [pred adv] lexeme overlap 111
         
      3. 
         [attr adv] lexeme overlap 113
         
      4. 
         [attr pred adv] lexeme overlap 114
         
      5. 
         Summary of lexeme level overlap 121
         
   5. 
      Conclusion 123
      
6. 
   Results III: The construction level 125
   
   1. 
      Introduction 125
      

Contents

2. 
   [attr pred] construction overlap 127
   
3. 
   [pred adv] construction overlap 131
   
   1. 
      Partial overlap 131
      
   2. 
      Between pred and adv 136
      
   3. 
      Connections between constructions in pred and adv 140
      
   4. 
      Conclusion 142
      
4. 
   [attr adv] construction overlap 142
   
5. 
   [attr pred adv] construction overlap 146
   
6. 
   Summary and conclusion 149
   

2. 
   Discussion 151
   

4. 
   Semantic types and prototypicality 153
   
   1. 
      Introduction 153
      
   2. 
      Simple adverbs 154
      
   3. 
      General modifiers 158
      
   4. 
      Lexicalization tendencies 165
      
   5. 
      Incorporation and affixation 169
      
   6. 
      Summary of semantic types for adverbs 170
      
   7. 
      speed, time, and aspect 171
      
   8. 
      Semantic types and semantic shift 172
      
   9. 
      Conclusion 176
      
5. 
   Adverb as a part of speech 177
   
   1. 
      Introduction 177
      
   2. 
      The problematic adverb 177
      
   3. 
      Parts of speech in general 178
      
   4. 
      Adverb as a different part of speech 181
      
      1. 
         Why are adverbs different? 184
         
      2. 
         Inflection and derivation 188
         
      3. 
         Conclusion 191
         
   5. 
      Summary and conclusion 192
      
6. 
   Concluding discussion 195
   
   1. 
      Summary and evaluation 195
      
      1. 
         Adverbs and adverbial function 195
         
      2. 
         The root and lexeme levels 196
         
      3. 
         The construction level 197
         
      4. 
         Semantic types and prototypicality 198
         
      5. 
         Implicational universals 200
         
   2. 
      Prospects for future research 201
      
   3. 
      Concluding remarks 201
      

Appendices 203

1. 
   Constructional-typological notation 205
   
2. 
   List of examples 207
   

Sammanfattning på svenska 273
Bibliography 288

Acknowledgements

My sincerest gratitude goes to:

My supervisors Bernhard Wälchli and Tomas Riad, for your invaluable support and advice, and for guiding me all the way through. Bernhard, for your patience, all our thought-provoking discussions, your stimulating feedback, and your inspiring wealth of ideas. Tomas, for your constructive comments at every level of my texts, your cheerful attitude, and teaching me to straighten out my syntax.

The steering committee of FoSprak, The Special Doctoral Program in Language and Linguistics, for giving me the true privilege to pursue my doctoral studies in the stimu- lating environment of the program.
My past and present fellow PhD students in FoSpråk, for inspiring discussions and comments during our tutorials and classes.
The Department of Linguistics, and each and all of my co-workers here, for giving me a great home department.
My past and present fellow PhD students at the department, for discussions on every- thing between heaven and earth, doctoral festivals, and a lot of collegial fun in general.
The typology group at the department, for the friendly and inspiring atmosphere. Östen Dahl, for being an excellent mock opponent, stepping in as stand-in supervisor,
challenging discussions, and incredibly useful comments on my texts.
Masja Koptjevskaja-Tamm, for offering the perfect combination of strict but construc- tive criticism and encouragement exactly when most needed, and for founding “positiva klubben”.
Junichi Toyota, for first inspiring me with the ideas of academia and adverbs and encouraging me to pursue them.
Jordan Zlatev and Lars Larm, for encouraging me during the early stages of my studies.
Sandra Paoli and JC Smith, for encouraging me to go my own way in the field of linguistics.
Bill Croft, for inspiring discussions and extremely useful comments on my ideas.
Valéria Molnár, Gunter Senft, Bill McGregor, and Marilena Thanassoula, for generously sharing language expertise with me. Valéria in particular, for being available with quick and useful comments.
Yvonne Agbetsoamedo, Hatice Zora, Marcin Włodarczak, Andrew Cooper, and Ambika Kirkland, for generously sharing native speaker knowledge with me.
Ljuba Veselinova, for teaching me the basics of databases and maps and sharing both research and teaching advice generously.
Matti Miestamo and Max Wahlström, for valuable comments on an important chapter.
Sofia Gustafson Capková, for generous assisting in all matters related to doctoral studies and FoSprak.
Acknowledgements

Kristina Nilsson Björkenstam, for kind advice on doctoral studies and teaching.

Linda Habermann, Nada Dokic, and Cilla Nilsson, for your kind and cheerful help in all administrative matters.
Lamont Antieau, for meticulous proofreading.
Ambika Kirkland, David Pagmar, and Olof Hallonsten, for helping out with last minute proofreading.
L^AT_EX-skilled colleagues, for all your help. In particular, Victoria Johansson, for first encouraging me to switch typesetting system.
Calle Börstell, for being available in moments of need with help on various thesis-related matters.
Francesca Di Garbo, for always having an open office door and giving friendly advice on all things.
Ghazaleh Vafaeian and Susanne Vejdemo, for being such nice office mates through the years, especially in times of stress, and always taking the time to comment on all matters, tiny or great. Ghazaleh in particular, for your great support during the challenges of the final phase.
Marcin Włodarczak, for your patient help in numerous matters, a great cover picture, map design, and not least, all the fun in between.
Elisabet Eir Cortes, for keeping me sane and healthy by running with me in the woods around the university and for the talks and laughs meanwhile.
Lena Renner, for your friendship from my first day at the department, for all of the support, laughter, and comfort.

Theodor and Benjamin, my little sons, who have grown alongside this project, for giving me perspective every day.

Jon, my husband, for the incomparable support that you give me as my life companion.