Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

su¯m

big

eka
and
Banimo
pn
o¯-ta
n2-emph
gwáab=o=be

small=prD=Decl

‘Port Moresby is bigger than Vanimo.’ (lit. ‘Port Moresby is big and Vanimo is small.’)

⁴³ It is unclear whether Marathi has both Adjectives and General Modifiers, or only the latter, but both are included here. (8.19a) illustrates a General Modifier inflected for number and gender.

⁴⁴ General Modifiers are also expected to be used in pred, but are not included due to lack of examples.
⁴⁵ Form 2 is not exemplified due to lack of examples.

159. 
     adv (Fedden 2011: 92)
     

¯e
3sg.m
éil-dikin

pig-like

ngaan-b-e=be
call.out.ipfv-ipfv-3sg.m.sbj=decl

‘He is calling out like a pig.’


attr, pred, and adv in Mian

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ADJ(=art) ⇒ (165)
Form 2: N G.MOD ⇒ (8.21a), (8.33a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: S ADJ=prd=ill ⇒ (166), (166)
Form 2: S G.MOD=prd=ill ⇒ (166) Form 3: S ADV_subset=prd=ill ⇒ (6.20a) aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S G.MOD V ⇒ (8.21b), (8.33b)
Form 2: S ADV V ⇒ (5.1)/(6.20b)
Form 3: S ADV_ideo V ⇒ (5.20) Form 4: S N-dikin_advz V ⇒ (168)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [pred adv], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [pred adv], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Nama (Khoe-Kwadi)

159. 
     attr (Hagman 1977: 25)
     

|úí
one
káí

great

|íríp
male.jackal

‘one large male jackal’

159. 
     pred (Hagman 1977: 59)
     

saáts
2sg.m
ke
decl
’a
cop.prs
káí

great

‘You are big.’

attr, pred, and adv in Nama

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: (num) ADJ N ⇒ (169)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: S ke_decl ’a_cop.prs ADJ ⇒ (170)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form: S ADJ/N/V-se_adv V ⇒ (5.11)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: –

Nishnaabemwin (Algic)

159. 
     attr (Valentine 2001: 592)
     

Gchi-dikmeg
big-white.fish
ngii-debnaa.
1sg-caught.sg.an

‘I caught a big whitefish.’

(172) pred (Valentine 2001: 902, 904)

1. 
   Enwek
   

assuredly
gnwaabiigad.

stringlike.sg.inan.is.long

‘The string(like object) is long.’

2. 
   mBill
   

Bill
gnoozi.

is.tall

‘Bill is tall’

173. 
     adv (Valentine 2001: 143)
     

Egaaj

slowly

dash
and
gii-nhishin
3sg.prox-adjusted.self.while.lying
gye
also
niw
that.those
wmitgwaabiin
bow

gii-daapnaad.
3sg.prox-took.up
‘Slowly he adjusted himself as he lay and picked up his bow.’

173. 
     adv (Valentine 2001: 164)
     

Wiinge-ggwejmaawaad
carefully-questioned
go idiig.
it.seems

‘They questioned her very carefully.’

173. 
     adv (Valentine 2001: 752)
     

biimbatoo ‘run awkwardly’ - biim ‘twisted, winding’ zhebtoo ‘run backwards’ - ahze ‘backwards’ gzhiikaabtoo ‘run quickly’ - gizhiikaa ‘quickly’ chaawsebtoo ‘run lame’ - chaawse ‘lame’
bejbtoo ‘run slowly’ - bej ‘slowly’
aabjibtoo ‘run constantly’ - aabji ‘constantly’

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Nishnaabemwin

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: ST.V-N ⇒ (171)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: (S) ST.V(.per.anim) ⇒ (172)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V ⇒ (173)

Form 2: PREV-V
^{Form 3: V}root.specified⁴⁶

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: –
⇒ (174)
⇒ (175)

Nuu-chah-nulth (Wakashan)

173. 
     pred (Davidson 2002: 126)
     

k^waPak^w=^◦i small.ind.3sg ‘He is small.’

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Nuu-chah-nulth

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: ST.V-moo.per.num N/S (art) ⇒ (6.42), (7.43)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: ST.V-moo.per.num N/S ⇒ (6.43), (7.44)

aDv

⁴⁶ “Root specification of manner” is encoded within the Verb itself, as illustrated in (175) (2001: 752)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ST.V-tel-shift-moo.per.num V ⇒ (6.44)/(7.45) Form 2: V-sfx_ADVL ⇒ (8.30)
Form 3: SVC⁴⁷ ⇒ (5.24)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]

Construction: [attr pred]

Paumarí (Arawan)

173. 
     attr (Chapman & Derbyshire 1991: 259)
     

gora
house
karaho

large

hida
dem.f

‘It is a big house.’

173. 
     attr (Chapman & Derbyshire 1991: 260)
     

o-nofi-ki
1sg-want-nontheme
‘I want the red cloth.’
oni
dem.f
makari
cloth
nadara-ki
red-desc

173. 
     pred (Chapman & Derbyshire 1991: 187)
     

karaho-ki
big-desc
ida
dem.f
gora
house

‘The house is big.’

173. 
     adv (Chapman & Derbyshire 1991: 252)
     

vajafori-a
slowly-obl
o-ka-si-’i-hi
away-mot-up-asp-theme

‘Slowly I climbed up (the tree).’

173. 
     adv (Chapman & Derbyshire 1991: 320)
     

o-hado-ha-joraki-’iana-hi
1sg-knife-action-quickly-again-theme
‘I cut again quickly.’

⁴⁷ The notation for the serial verb construction is simplified and only labeled ‘SVC’.

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Paumarí

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ADJ(art ⇒ (177)

Form 2: N (n.class-)ST.V-ki _desc

preD

Function: property predication
⇒ (178)

Form: ADJ/ST.V-ki _desc S ⇒ (179)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV(-obl) V ⇒ (180)
Form 2: V-ST.V/ADJ ⇒ (181)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: –

Pirahã

173. 
     attr (Everett 1986: 303)
     

boitóhoi
boat
báíhiigí

slow

‘(a) slow boat’

173. 
     adv (Everett 1986: 303)
     

boitóhoi
boat
báíhiigí

slow

xab-óp-ai
turn-go-atel

‘The boat is returning slowly.’

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Pirahã

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N G.MOD ⇒ (182), (8.13a), (6.28a)/(8.12a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: S per G.MOD(emp) ⇒ (6.30)

Form 2: S per G.MOD cop

aDv

⇒ (6.29)/(8.14)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: G.MOD V ⇒ (183), (8.14b), (6.28b)/(8.12b)

Form 2: S V-int
⇒ (8.13b)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred adv]

Construction: –

Sahaptin (Sahaptian)

(184) attr (Jansen 2010: 376, 166)

1. 
   i-ttáwax-1nxa
   

3sg.sb^¯j-gr^¯ow-hab
ptíit

damp

tiichám-pa
earth-loc

‘It grows in wet ground.’

2. 
   wáwinknik-i
   

wrap.around-st
i-wá
3sg.sbj-cop
íkks-ki

small.pl-ins

k’pt´1-ki
bead-ins

‘It is wrapped with small beads.’

(185) pred (Jansen 2010: 377)

nch’i

big

iwá
3sg.cop

‘It’s big.’

(186) adv (Jansen 2010: 377)

maìáa

clean

pa-nisháatwa
3pl.sbj-live.hab

‘They live cleanly (a clean life)’.

(187) adv (Jansen 2010: 390)

=pat
=3pl
huuy

in.vain

áw-ítaxshi-xa-na
3.obj-^¯wake^¯.up-hab-pst

‘They could not wake her.’


attr, pred, and adv in Sahaptin

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N ADJ(-pl)(-cas) / ADJ(-pl)(-cas) N ⇒ (184)48
Form 2: N G.MOD(-pl)(-cas) / G.MOD(-pl)(-cas) N ⇒ (184)

⁴⁸ It is unclear exactly which modifiers are Adjectives and which are General Modifiers, although it is clear that Sahaptin has both.

Form: ADJ/G.MOD wa_cop

aDv

⇒ (185)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: G.MOD V ⇒ (186)
Form 2: ADJ_SUBSET1-ins V ⇒ (5.16)
Form 3: ADV V ⇒ (187)

Form 4:
pfx_advl-V ⇒ (5.23)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv]

Construction: [pred adv]

Sango (Atlantic-Congo)

(188) pred (Thornell 1997: 82)

Ë
1pl
yeke
cop
propre.

clean

‘We are clean.’

attr

attr, pred, and adv in Sango

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (8.16) Form 2: G.MOD N ⇒ (8.18a)

preD

Function: property predication Form: S yeke_cop ADJ ⇒ (188) aDv
Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: S V ADV ⇒ (8.17) Form 2: S V G.MOD ⇒ (8.18b)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Slave (Athapaskan-Eyak-Tlingit)

(189) attr (Rice 1989: 18)

Pelá
boat
h˛isha

3.is.big

i
rel

‘big boat’

(190) attr=pred (Rice 1989: 21, 239)

tl˛i
dog
nechá

3. is.big

‘The dog is big.’/‘big dog’

(191) pred (Rice 1989: 389)

1.