Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

miki-su-u-suq
small-ptcp-be-ptcp

‘a small town’

93. 
    pred (Fortescue 1984: 30)
    

uuma
my!
una
that
qulingilua-nik
nine-ins
ukiu-qa-lir-suq
year-have-begin-ptcp
angi-ngaa-rami
be.big-very-sg.caus

‘My, she is big for a child of nine!’

93. 
    attr (Fortescue 1984: 117)
    

kivvaq
servant
arnaq
woman
kalaaliq
Greenlander
utuqqaq

old

uqalluris-suq
speak.well-ptcp

‘a well-spoken old Greenlandic female servant’

93. 
    pred (Fortescue 1984: 304)
    

utuqqa-a-vallaar-put be.old-be-too-3pl.ind ‘They are too old.’

93. 
    adv (Fortescue 1984: 55)
    

²¹ Three of the Adverbs (spir ‘hard, fast, loudly’, lyepaay ‘gently, slowly, softly’, and xiipuk ‘first’) “are formally identical to intransitive verb stems”, i.e. ‘to be strong; to do hard or loudly; to go fast’, ‘to do gently or softly; go slowly’, ‘to be first’; as such they may inflect for person and can be the main Verb in an auxiliary construction (Miller 2001: 173), as illustrated in (92). (92a) appears to be an SVC.

irnir-lunga
do.hurriedly-1sg.contem
‘I entered quickly/in a hurry.’

93. 
    adv (Fortescue 1984: 100)
    

isir-punga
go.in-1sg.ind

ukiuq
year
siulliq
first
nuannir-su-mik
be.happy-ptcp-ins
iniqarvi-nngua-mi
flat-little-loc
najugaqar-pugut
live-1pl.ind

‘The first year we lived happily in a little flat.’

(99) adv (1984: 324, 326–327)

• 
  lirtur ‘quickly/for a moment’ – inilirturpugut ‘we finished quickly’
  
• 
  lluar ‘well’ – sanalluarpaa ‘he made it well’
  

100. 
     adv (Fortescue 1984: 121)
     

pi-lirturtumik

quickly

irrui-lluni=lu
wash.up-4sg.contem=and
majuar-puq
go.up-3sg.ind

‘Quickly, as soon as he’d washed up, he went up.’

100. 
     adv (Fortescue 1984: 97)
     

tassanngaanaq

suddenly

niri-ssaar-puq
eat-stop-3sg.ind

‘He suddenly stopped eating.’

100. 
     adv (Fortescue 1984: 103)
     

asuli

in.vain

tikit-tuq
come-ptcp

‘having come in vain”


attr, pred, and adv in Kalaallisut

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression

Form 1: N ST.V-su_ptcp-u-_beptcp-suq _ptcp Form 2: N ST.V-u-_vblz-suq _ptcp

preD

Function: property predication
⇒ (93)
⇒ (95)

Form 1: ST.V ⇒ (94)

Form 2: N-u/-a_vblz
⇒ (96)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: V_sub V ⇒ (97)
Form 2: V-ptcp-ins V ⇒ (98)

Form 3: aff-_advlV
Form 4: pi-aff_advl²²
⇒ (99)
V ⇒ (100)

Form 5: ADV V ⇒ (101)
Form 6: part²³ V ⇒ (102)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Kambera (Austronesian)

100. 
     attr (Klamer 1998: 117)
     

Pàu
mango
rara

be.red/ripe

100. 
     
     

‘a ripe mango’


pred (Klamer 1998: 118)

1. 
   Na-mbana
   

3sg.nom-be.hot/angry
‘The stranger is angry.’


na
art


tau
person


Jawa
Java

2. 
   Kudu
   

small

ai lulu-nanya-ka
very-3sg.cnt-pfv

‘It’s very small.’

(105) adv (Klamer 1998: 118)

Eha!
exc
Jàka-ambeningga
if-be.angry
— ina-nggu,
mother-1sg.gen
jàka
if
nda
neg
lú

quickly

abeli
return

jia
exist
hi
cnj
wa-nda,
say/do.1pl.gen
ai?
tag

‘Hey! If my mother gets angry with me, when I don’t return quickly, then we’re in trouble (idiomatic expression), don’t you think?”

²² The adverbial affixes often combine with the “empty” stem pi- (Fortescue 1984: 324–327).

²³ There is a small number of “non-inflected ‘particles’ ” in adv(Fortescue 1984: 98).

(106) adv (Klamer 1998: 118)

Mbana

very(good.at)

laku
go
mànu=ya
always=3sg.acc

“He is very good at walking.”


attr, pred, and adv in Kambera

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: N ST.V ⇒ (103)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: ST.V (S) ⇒ (104)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression

Form 1: ADV V
Form 2: ST.V_subset²⁴

Level Overlaps

⇒ (105)
V ⇒ (106)

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: –

Kewa (Nuclear Trans New Guinea)

107. 
     attr (Franklin 1971: 87)
     

rúdu

short

áá
man

‘short man’

107. 
     pred (Franklin 1971: 67)
     

naakì
boy
adaa

big

ta
say.he.does

‘The boy is big.’

107. 
     attr=pred (Franklin 1971: 76)
     

adaalu

tall

oná
woman

‘The woman is tall’ or ‘It is a tall woman’

²⁴ Some Stative Verbs can be used in their bare form in adv (Klamer 1998: 118).

107. 
     adv (Franklin 1971: 116)
     

pare
but
káárá
car
áípápúlú

quickly

pea
make.it.does
áá-re
man-top
pawá-si
slowly-dim
pópéma
travel.we.do

‘A car goes quickly but a man travels slowly’

107. 
     adv (Franklin 1971: 78)
     

mátaa
dance
épé=rupa

good=aDvz

tí
hit.adjvz
áá
man
púa-a
go-he.did

‘The man who dances well went.’

107. 
     pred (Franklin 1971: 75)
     

go
that
áá-re
man-top
irilai=rupa

dog=aDvz

‘That man acts like a dog.’


attr, pred, and adv in Kewa

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form: ADJ N/S / N/S ADJ ⇒ (107), (109)

preD

Function: property predication

Form 1: S ADJ V_exist
⇒ (108)

Form 2: ADJ N/S / N/S ADJ ⇒ (109)
Form 3: S X=rupa ⇒ (112)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: (S) ADV V ⇒ (110)
Form 2: (S) X=rupa V ⇒ (111), (9.4)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: [attr pred]

Kham (Sino-Tibetan)

107. 
     attr (Watters 2002: 421)
     

a: nik@l@ini
ah very
z@
emp
gehppa

big

N@hlt@
slumber
bad@
go
le,
be
syã:d@
sleep
le.
be

‘Aah, he has gone into a very deep slumber, he is sleeping.’

107. 
     pred (Watters 2002: 118)
     

gyo:h-zya big-cnt ‘It is big.’

107. 
     adv (Watters 2002: 118)
     

cã:do

quickly

ba-ke
go-PFV

’He went quickly.’

107. 
     adv (Watters 2002: 147)
     

gohra-lai
horse-obj
gyahp gehp

expr expr

cep-ke-o
mount-pfv-3sg

’He mounted the horse in a single, swift jump.’


attr, pred, and adv in Kham

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: ADJ N ⇒ (113)
Form 2: ST.V-nmlz N ⇒ (6.19a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: ST.V ⇒ (114)

Form 2: S ST.V-nmlz cop

aDv

⇒ (6.19b)

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ADV V ⇒ (115), (1.3)/(8.7)
Form 2: ADV_ideo V ⇒ (116)
Form 3: N-abl V ⇒ (5.15)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred]
Lexeme: [attr pred]

Construction: –

Kilivila (Austronesian)

107. 
     attr (Senft 1986: 85)
     

tau
man
to-kabitam

clf.m-clever

‘clever man’

107. 
     pred (Senft 1986: 87)
     

Yokwa
you
to-pe’ula

clf.m-strong

taga
but
m-to-na
this-clf.m-this
sena
very
pe’ula.
strong

‘You are a strong man, but he is stronger than you.’


attr, pred, and adv in Kilivila

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression

Form 1: N clf-ADJ₁
Form 2: N (clf)-ADJ₂²⁵
⇒26(117)

–
Form 3: N G.MOD ⇒ (6.26a)

preD

Function: property predication
Form 1: S clf-ADJ₁²⁷ ⇒ (118)
Form 2: S (clf)-ADJ₂ ²⁸
Form 3: S G.MOD ⇒ (6.27)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form: V G.MOD ⇒ (6.26b)

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Lexeme: [attr pred], [attr pred adv] Construction: ²⁹

Kiowa (Kiowa-Tanoan)

107. 
     attr (Watkins 1984: 99)
     
     1. 
        t^ha`l`ı:-kyó˛y
        

boy-tall.sg ‘(one) tall boy’

2. 
   t^ha`l`ı:-k´ı:n´ı:
   

boy-tall.Du/pl ‘(two) tall boys’

²⁵ This type of Adjective takes classifiers optionally (Senft 1986: 87).

²⁶ No example with context is attested.
²⁷ There is no example of this, but Adjectives of this type can be used in pred.
²⁸ No example with context attested.
²⁹ It could be hypothesized that Kilivila has an [attr pred] overlap, but there are not enough examples for this overlap to be clearly established.

3. 
   t^ha`l`ı:-k´ı:n´ı:-g`O
   

boy-tall.Du/pl-inv ‘(several) tall boys’

107. 
     attr (Watkins 1984: 230)
     

pí˛a´:d`O
table.inv
è-èt-g`O
3.inv-big-nmlz.inv
dé-h´O:-gya`
1sgagt;inv.obj-get-pfv

‘I bought a big table/a table that is big.’

107. 
     pred (Watkins 1980: 127)
     

óy-go`
that-inv
è-kí˛:ní˛:
3.inv-tall.pl

‘They are tall.’


attr, pred, and adv in Kiowa

attr

Function: property modification within referring expression
Form 1: N-ST.V(.sg)/(du/pl)(-inv)³⁰ ⇒ (119)
Form 2: N per-ST.V-nmlz³¹ ⇒ (120)

preD

Function: property predication
Form: S per-ST.V(.num) ⇒ (121)

aDv

Function: property modification within predicating expression
Form 1: ST.V-l /-y _advz V ⇒ (8.24)

Form 2: ST.V_arc-óba`

Level Overlaps

Root: [attr pred adv]
Lexeme: [attr pred]
Construction: –
⇒ Table 8.9

Koasati (Muskogean)

107. 
     attr (Kimball 1991: 480)
     

í:sa-k
house-sbj
hátka

one.which.is.white

‘a white house.’

³⁰ Stative Verbs can be used in compounds with Nouns (Watkins 1984: 99).

³¹ Stative Verbs can also be used nominalized in relative clauses (Watkins 1984: 230).

107. 
     pred (Kimball 1991: 480)
     

í:sa-k
house-sbj