The category of numeral of nouns
(Otlarda son kategoriyasi)
O‘zbek tilida otlar ikkita grammatik kategoriya (son kategoriyasi, subyektiv
munosabat kategoriyasi)ga ega. Odatda, -lar affiksini qabul qilgan turdosh
otlar ko‘plik son shaklini, -lar affiksini qabul qilmagan turdosh otlar esa
birlik son shaklini tashkil qiladi. Birlik sonning [o] shakli hamda ko‘plik
sonning [-lar] shakli bir-biriga ziddiyatda turadi va otlarga xos bo‘lgan
morfologik belgilardan biri son paradigmasini yuzaga keltiradi. Masalan,
daftar– daftarlar, uy – uylar, talaba – talabalar, universitet – universitetlar.
Otlarning birlik son shakli ham, ko‘plik son shakli ham o‘z umumiy
grammatik ma’nolari(UGM)ga va xususiy grammatik ma’nolari(XGM)ga
ega
3
.
3
Sayfullayeva R., Mengliyev B., Raupova L., Qurbonova M., Abuzalova M., Yuldasheva D. Hozirgi o`zbek tili.
Darslik. – Germaniya: “Globe Edit international Publishing Group” ISBN: 978-620-0-61410-0. – 2020.–555 b.
Otning birlik shakli yakka bir predmetnigina anglatib qolmay , matnda aniq va
noaniq ko‘plik ma’nolarini ham ifodalaydi Chunonchi, Bobom erta bahorda
yigirma tup ko‘chat o‘tqazdilar (aniq ko‘plik) ; Uzoqdan uch – to‘rt otliq ko‘rindi
(M. Ismoiliy) (noaniq ko‘plik).
Ingliz tilida otlarda son kategoriyasi morfologik yo‘l bilan amalga oshiriladi,
ya’ni -s yoki -es qo‘shimchasi otning o‘zak yoki negiz qismiga qo‘shiladi:
jarangli va jarangsiz undoshlardan keyin -s, sirg‘aluvchi va shovqinli
undoshlardan hamda unlilardan keyin -es tarzida qo‘shiladi:
Hand – hands, pen – pens, book – books, class – classes, bench – benches, dish –
dishes, box – boxes.
Unli e harfi bilan tugagan otlarning ko‘plik formasi –s qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish
bilan yasaladi: noun – nouns, place – places, prize – prizes, jugde – judges; otlar
y harfi bilan tugab, y dan oldin undosh harf kelgan bo‘lsa, ko‘plik formasini
yasash uchun y harfi i ga aylanadi va -es qo‘shimchasi qo‘shiladi. City – cities,
army – armies, factory – factories, otlar «y» harfi bilan tugab, y dan oldin unli
harf kelgan bo‘lsa, «y» harfi o‘zgarmas –es qo‘shimchasini qabul qilaveradi: day
– days, boy – boys, toy – toys, key – keys; otlar «o» harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, o
dan keyin -es qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish orqali ko‘plik formasi yasaladi: cargo –
cargoes, hero – heroes, tamato – tamatoes; ba’zi o harfi bilan tugagan
so‘zlarning ko‘plik formasi –s qo‘shish bilan ham yasaladi: mosguito –
mosguitos, mosguitaes; otlar “f” harfi bilan tugagan bo‘lsa, f harfi v ga aylanib,
-es qo‘shimchasini qabul qiladi: leaf – leaves, knife – knives; wife – wives; ba’zan
f harfi bilan tugagan otlar f harfini o‘zgartirmay –s qo‘shimchasini qabul qiladi;
chief – chiefs, hand kerchief - hand kerchiefs, roof – roofs, safe – safes; wharf,
searf so‘zlarining ko‘plik formasi ikki xil yasaladi: wharfs/wharves,
scarfs/scarves.
Quyidagi so‘zlarda ko‘plik formasi qadimiy ingliz tilidan meros sifatida
saqlangan: man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, goose – geese, tooth – teeth,
mouse – mice; ox va child so‘zlarining ko‘plik formasi -en qo‘shimchasini qabul
qilish bilan yasaladi: ox – oxen, child – children.
Lotin va grek tillaridan kirib kelgan so‘zlar o‘zlarining ko‘plik formalarini saqlab
qolgan: phenomenon – phenomena, datum – data, crisis – crises, stimulus –
stimuli, formula – formulae, index – indices, addendum – addenda. Bu so‘zlarning
barchasi ingliz tilidagidek –s/-es qabul qilish bilan ko‘plik formasini yasaydi:
memorandums, formulas, indexes. Grekcha yoki lotincha ko‘plik formalari fan
tilida saqlangan, ammo badiiy adabiyotda va og‘zaki nutqda ingliz tili
variantidan foydalaniladi. Penny so‘zining ko‘plik formasi quyidagicha yasaladi:
a) alohida tangalar hisobga olinsa: penny – pennies; b) miqdor ma’nosida:
penny – pence, masalan, It costs 18 pence.( Bu 18 pens turadi.) Pennies are made
of bronze. ( Penslar bronzadan yasaladi.) Ba’zi otlarning birlik va ko‘plik formasi
bir xil ifodalanadi: deer – deer, sheep – sheep, swine – swine, fish – fish, trout –
trout. This collective farm has a great numeral of sheep. I caught two fish.
Bu o‘rinda otlarning ko‘plik ma’nosi emas, balki ularning turi, xili inobatga
olinsa –s/-es qo‘shiladi: In this lake there are fishes of many varieties. Dozen va
score kabi otlar ham birlik va ko‘plikda bir xil formaga ega: two dozen of eggs
(24 ta tuxum), the score of yeas (60 yosh). Bu otlardan oldin scores ishlatilmasa,
ular ko‘plik formasini odatdagidek qabul qiladi: Pack the books in dozens, please.
Scores of people were present there.
Works so‘zi zavod/zavodlar ma’nosida birlik va ko‘plikni ifodalaydi: a new glass
works has been built near the village. There are brick works outside the town.
Means (vosita va vositalar) ma’nosida birlik va ko‘plikda bir formaga ega: I
found a means of helping him. There are many means of helping him. Gate, sledge
va watch so‘zlari rus tilida faqatgina ko‘plikda ishlatiladi: voroma, canu, chasi,
ammo ingliz tilida bu so‘zlar birlik va ko‘plik formalariga ega: The gate is open.
All the gates are open. My watch is fast. He has two watches.
Rus tilida faqatgina birlikda ishlatiladigan export va import so‘zlari (eksport,
import) ingliz tilida birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. Chiqarilgan yoki kiritilgan
tovarlarning soni yoki narxi inobatga olinsa, bu otlar ko‘plik formasini qabul
qiladi: Chinese import have increased in our country. Chiqarilgan yoki kiritlgan
tovar jarayoni inobatga olinsa, bu otlar birlikda ishlatiladi: This firm is engaged
in the export and import of different machines.
The category of numeral of compound nouns
(Qo‘shma otlarda son kategoriyasi)
O‘zbek tilida kompozitsiya usuli bilan yasaladigan qo‘shma otlar qo‘shib
yozilishi ham, ajratib yozilishi ham mumkin: Beshyog‘och, beshiktebratar,
tomorqa, yer yong‘oq, eshak yemi, qozon yuvg‘ich va h. Ammo qo‘shma otlar
qanday yozilishidan qat’iy nazar ularga ko‘plik son shakli –lar so‘zning oxirgi
qismiga
qo‘shilaveradi.
Masalan,
beshiktebratarlar,gulbeorlar,
gultojixo‘rozlar.. Atoqli ot, sanalmaydigan, o‘lchash mumkin bo‘lgan
predmetlarning nomini ifodalovchi ot ko‘rinishidagi qo‘shma otlarga
qo‘shilgan -lar qo‘shimchasi ko‘plik ma’nosini ifodalamaydi. (Bu xususda
quyida alohida to‘xtalib o‘tamiz.)
Ingliz tilida qo‘shma otlarda ko‘plik ma’nosi quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
a) ko‘plik formasini asosiy ma’noga ega bo‘lgan ot qabul qiladi: custom – house
– custom – houses. Man of war – men of war, hotel Keeper – hotel – Keepers,
mother – in – law – mothers – in – law, passer-by – passers - by.
b) agar qo‘shma otning birinchi qismi man yoki woman so‘zidan iborat bo‘lsa,
har ikkala qism ko‘plik formasini qabul qiladi: man – servant – men servants,
woman – doctor – women – doctors.
v) tez – tez ishlatiladigan qo‘shma otlarning ikkinchi qismi ko‘plik formasini
qabul qiladi: schoolboy – schoolboys, housewife – housewives, postman –
postmen.
d) qo‘shma otlarning ikkinchi va uchinchi elementlari otdan iborat bo‘lmasa,
oxirgi element ko‘plik formasini qabul qiladi: forget – me – not forget – me – nots,
merry – go – round – merry – go – rounds.
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