Ingliz tili alifbosi

INGLIZ TILI ALIFBOSI.

Harflar	Harflarni o`qilishi	Harflar	Harflarni o`qilishi
Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm	[ei] [bi:] [si:] [di:] [i:] [ef] [dʒ] [eitʃ] [ai] [dʒei] [kei] [el] [em]	Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz	[en] [ou] [pi:] [kju:] [a:] [es] [ti:] [ju:] [vi:] [dʌblju:] [eks] [wai] [zed]

INGLIZ TILIDA HARFLARNI URG`U OSTIDA O`QILISHING TO`RT TURI.

Harf Tur	a [ei]	o [ou]	e [i:]	i [ai]	y [wai]	u [ju:]
I	[ei] name	[ou] note	[i:] be	[ai] fine my		[ju:] tune
II	[ae] flat	[ͻ] note	[e] pen	[i] Sit myth		[ʌ] cup
III	[a:] large	[ͻ:] fork	[ә:] Term firm Byrd fur
IV	[єә] Mary	[ͻ:] more	[ie] [aiә] [juә] Here fire tyre during

UNLI HARFLARNING BIRIKMALI HOLDA KELGANDA O`QILISHI.

Harf birikmalari	O`qilishi	Misollar
ai ay ea ee ew oi oy oo+k oo	[ei] [i:] [ju:] [ͻi] [u] [u:]	Spain Day Sea meet new point boy book too

Harf birikmalari	O`qilishi	Misollar
ou ow ai+r ee+r ou+r oo+r	[au] [єә] [iә] [auә] [ͻ:]	Out Brown Chair Engineer Our door

Ikki xil o`qiluvchi undoshlar.

Harflar	O`rni	O`qilishi	Misollar
c [si:]	1.e, i, y dan oldin 2.a, o, u va barcha undoshlardan oldin hamda so’z oxirida	[s] [k]	Cent,pencil,icy Cap,come, Cup,black
g [dʒ:]	1.e ,i, y dan oldin 2.a, o, u va barcha undoshlardan oldin hamda so’z oxirida	[dʒ] [g]	Page,gin, gypsy good,green, big
s [es]	So’z boshida jaransiz undoshlardan oldin va so’z oxirida jaransiz undoshlardan so’ng 2.unli harflar o`rtasida,so`z oxirida unli va jarangli undoshlardan keyin	[s] [z]	Sit,student, Lists Please,ties, pens
x [eks]	1.Undoshlardan oldin va so’z oxirida 2.Urg’uli unlidan oldin	[ks] [gz]	Text,six exam

Undosh harf birikmalarining o`qilishi.

Harflar	O`rni	O`qilishi	Misollar
Sh	Har qanday holatda	[ʃ]	She sheep
Ch	Har qanday holatda	[ʧ]	Chess chicken
Tch	Qisqa unlidan so’ng	[ʧ]	match
Ck	Qisqa unlidan so’ng	[k]	black
th	1.asosiy so’zlar boshida va so’z oxirida	[Ɵ]	Thick, Myth
	2.olmoshlar,ko’makchi so’zlar boshida va unlilar o’rtasida	[ð]	This, bathe
Wh	1.So’z boshida o dan boshqa barcha unlilar oldidan	[w]	What When Where which
	2.o dan oldin	[h]	who
Qu	Unlilardan oldin	[kw]	question
Ng	Har qanday hollarda	[ɳ]	Long[lͻ:ɳ]
Nk	Har qanday holatlarda	[ɳk]	thank
Wr	So’z boshida unlidan oldin	[r]	write

Unlilarning undoshlar bilan birga kelganda o’qilishi.

Harflar	O’rni	O’qilishi	Misollar
al	1.Urg’uli bo’g’inda k dan oldin 2.Urg’uli bo’g’inda boshqa Undoshlardan oldin	[ͻ:] [ͻ:l]	Chalk Wall,also
wor	Urg’uli bo’g’inda undoshlardan oldin	[wә:]	Work, word
wa	1.(r) dan tashqari so’z oxiridagi undosh yoki undosh birikmalaridan oldin 2.r dan oldin	[wͻ] [wͻ:]	Want warm
igh	Har qanday holatda	[ai]	Light,fight bright

THE NUMBERS-SONLAR

1-one 11-eleven 21-twenty-one 40-forty 1000- one 2-two 12-twelve 22-twenty-two 50-fifty thousand 3-three 13-thirteen 23-twenty-three 60-sixty 1mln-one 4-four 14-fourteen 24-twenty-four 70-seventy million 5-five 15-fifteen 25-twenty-five 80-eighty 1 milliard- 6-six 16-sixteen 26-twenty-six 90-ninety one billion 7-seven 17-seventeen 27-twenty-seven 100-one/a hundred 8-eight 18-eighteen 28-twenty-eight 101-one hundred one 9-nine 19-nineteen 29-twenty-nine 200-two hundred 10-ten 20-twenty 30-thirty 300-three hundred

THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS-KISHILIK OLMOSHLARI

I-men You-sen We-biz They-ular He-u (o`gil bola) She-u(qiz bola) It-(narsalarga nisbatan)

Me-menga You-senga Us-bizga Them-ularga Him-unga Her-unga It-unga

My-mening Your-sening Our-bizning Their-ularning His-uning Her-uning Its-uning

Mine-meniki Yours-seniki Ours-bizniki Theirs-ularniki His-uniki Hers-uniki Its-uniki

Myself-o’zim Yourselves-o’zingiz Ourselves- o’zimiz Themselves- O’zlari Himself-o’zi Herself-o’zi Itself-o’zi yolg’iz

Olmosh-Gapdagi boshqa so’zlar o’rnida almashtirilib qo’llanuvchi,ularga ishora qiluvchi so’zlardir.
A)Gapda ega vazifasida keluvchi olmoshlar:I,YOU,WE,THEY,HE SHE IT.
FOR EXAMPLE, I am a student, she is a doctor.
B)Gapda to’ldiruvchi vazifasida keluvchi olmoshlar:me,you,us,them,him,her,It
C) Gapda aniqlovchi vazifasida keluvchi olmoshlar: my your ,our, their, his, her, its
D) Gapda mustaqil holda keluvchi egalik olmoshlari:mine,yours,ours,theirs,his,hers,its
E) O’zlik olmoshlari:myself,yourself/yourselves,ourselves,themselves,himself,herself,itself.

To be-bo’lmoq(am/is/are) To be felidan asosan holat gaplar yasashda foydalanamiz (yani kimligimizni, yoshimizni, qayerdaligimizni yoki hol- ahvolimizni aytganda; bundan tashqari, boshqa narsalar va hayvonlarning holati togrisida gapirilganda ishlatiladi). To be ni shaxs sonda tuslanishi. Birlikda To’liq shakli Qisqartma shakli Misollar 1-shaxs 2-shaxs 3-shaxs I am You are He is She is It is I`m You`re He`s She`s It`s I am a pupil You are clever He is 20 years old She is a doctor It is my pen Ko’plikda To’liq shakli Qisqartma shakli Misollar 1-shaxs 2-shaxs 3-shaxs We are You are They are We`re You`re They`re We are friends You are good people They are in the room

To be fe’ling so’roq shakli o’zi bilan yasaladi ya`ni to be(am/is are) egadan oldinga chiqadi.Are you fine?Am I a student? Is she at home?Is it your pen? Are they boys?Are you doctors?
To be fe’ling inkor shaklini yasash uchun not inkor Yasovchi qo’shimchadan foydalanamiz. I am not a pupil, she is not at home, it is not my pen, you are not clever,they are not in their room,we are not friends.

THE NOUN
Who?kim? What? nima? Savolllariga javob berib predmetni bildirgan so’z turkumiga ot deyiladi.
Ot tub va yasama otlarga bo’linadi.
Tub ot:o’zagida hech qanday qo’shimcha bo’lmagan otlartub ot deyiladi: book,ship,boy,town,milk…….
Yasama ot: qo’shimchalar yordamida boshqa so’z turkumlaridan yasalgan ot yasama ot deyiladi:
-er worker
-ment development, government
-ness happiness, richness
-ion restriction,connection
-dom freedom, wisedom
-hood childhood,neighbourhood
-ship friendship,leadership
Otlar ikki turga bo’linadi:sanaladigan(countable)va sanalmaydigan (uncountable) otlar.
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns
Book milk
Desk sugar
Boy water
Picture knowledge
Pupil salt
Pen life
Plural form of nouns-otlarning ko’plik shakllari.
Otlarning ikki xil shakli bor birlik shakli(singular form) va ko’plik shakli(plural form).Ingliz tilida sanaladigan otlar ko’plik sonda ishlatiladi,otlarning ko’plik shakli-s,es qo’shimchasini qo’shish yoki otning o’zagi o’zgarishi orqali ko’plik shakli yasaladi.
1.simple nouns+s
Book-books
Pen-pens
Car-cars
Girl-girls
2.-s,ss,sh,ch,x,o harflari bilan tugagan otlarga ko’plik shaklini yasash uchun +es qo’shimchasidan foydalanamizю
A watch-watches
A bus-buses
A glass-glasses
A tomato-tomatoes
A box-boxes
A dish-dishes
3.Noun ending in consonant+y i+es.
Lorry-lorries
City-cities
Baby-babies
Party-parties
Story-stories
4.Nouns that ends in a vowel(a,e,o,u)+y add –s
Boy -boys
Toy –toys
Key-keys
Day-days
5.a) noun ending in consonant+ o +es
Cargo-cargoes
Tomato-to matoes
B)nouns ending in vowel+o+s
Zoo-zoos
Radio-radios
Ammo piano bilan photo so’zlari faqat –s harfini qo’shish orqali yasaladi.
Photo-photoes
Piano-pianos
6.noun ending in –f,-fe v+es.
Wife-wives
Wolf-wolves
7.Ammo bazi –f,-fe harflari bilan tugagan otlarning ko’pligi faqat-s qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali yasaladi:
Chief-chiefs
Roof-roofs
Safe-safes
Handkerchief-hankerchief.
8.Irregular nouns(noto’g’ri otlar)ya`ni ko’plik shaklini –s,-es qo’shimchalarini qo’shish orqali hosil qilinmaydi.Bunda so’zlarning shakli o’zgaradi.
Man-men
Woman-women
Goose-geese
Tooth-teeth
Mouse-mice
Ox-oxen
Child-children
9.Grek va lotin tilidan kirib kelgan otlarning ko’pligi quydagicha yasaladi.
Datum-data
Basis-bases
Crisis-crises
Erratum-errata
Memorandum-memoranda
Phenomenon-phenomena
10.Ayrim otlarning ko’plik shakli ham birlik shakli ham bir xil.
One sheep-three sheep
One fish-two fish
One deer-five deer
Faqat birlik sonda ishlatiladigan otlar.
A)Ingliz tilida sanalmaydigan otlarning ko’plik shakli mavjud emas.
Sugar, milk,iron,love,friendship va x.klar.
B)Advice,information,progress,knowledge kabi otlar ingliz tilida birlik sonda ishlatilsa ham o’zbekchga tarjima qilganda ham birlik sonda ham ko’plik sonda tarjima qilinadi.
He gave me some good advice.
We have very little information on this subject.
I am satisfied with your progress.
C) news va –ics qo’shimchasi bilan tugagan otlar ko’plik shaklga ega bo’lsa ham faqat birlikda ishlatiladi:
What is news?
Mathematics is difficult subject for me
D) Money va Hair so’zlari ingliz tilida birlikda ishlatilsa ham o’zbekchaga tarjima qilganda koplik ma’nosini beradi.
Her hair is dark-uning sochlari qora
This money belongs to me –bu pullar meniki
E) Fruit so’zi birlikda ishlatiladi.
Fruit is cheap in summer.
F) lekin har xil meva manosida ko’plikda ishlatiladi:
On the table there are apples,oranges,plumbs and other fruits
Faqat ko'plik sonda ishlatiladigan otlar

a)Juft predmet xisoblangan otlar faqat ko'plikda ishlatiladi:scissors, trousers, spectacles, scales, tongs
These scissors are very sharp.
Where are my spectacles?
b) Ba'zi otlar ingliz tilida ko'plik sonda tursa ham o'zbek tiliga tarjima qilganda birlik sonda turadi: contents - mundarija, clothes-kiyim-kechak, goods -tovar,maxsulot, riches - boylik, wages-oylik maosh. These goods have arrived from Leningrad.
The contents of the letter haven't been changed.

THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE
Yasalishi:
A)I,You,We,They va xohlagan bir ko’plik otlardan keyin fe’lning birinchi shakli ishlatiladi.
I go to school every day.
We usually play tennis after lessons.
B) He,she,it va birlik otlardan keyin fe’llarni birinchi shakliga –s,-es qo’shimchasini qo’shish orqali hosil qilamiz
He never smokes.
she works as a teacher.
Tom reads a book every day

Inkor shakli va so’roq shakllari Do/Does ko’makchi fe’llar yordamida yasaladi.3 shaxs birlikda Does ishlatiladi va bunda asosiy fe’ldagi –s,-es tushib qoladi.
Inkor shakli: do/does+not +V1
So’roq shakli:Do/Does+S+V1
Signal so’zlari:
Usually Regularly
Always occasionally
Often on Mondays
Seldom never
Generally every day
Sometimes every week
As a rule every…..