The Importance of Being Direct
Jaiswal’s story perfectly illustrates the third principle of ultralearning:
directness. By seeing how architecture was actually being done and learning
a set of skills that was closely related to the job position he wanted to
perform, he was able to cut through the swaths of recent graduates with
unimpressive portfolios.
Directness is the idea of learning being tied closely to the situation or
context you want to use it in. In Jaiswal’s case, when he wanted to get
enough architectural skill that firms would hire him, he opted to build a
portfolio using the software those firms used and design in the style those
firms practiced. There are many routes to self-education, but most of them
aren’t very direct. In contrast to Jaiswal, another architect I spoke with aimed
to improve his employability by deepening his knowledge of design theories.
Though that might have been interesting and fun, it was disconnected from
the actual skills he would be using in entry-level work. Just as Jaiswal
struggled to get work with his university portfolio, many of us are building
the wrong portfolio of skills for the kinds of career and personal
achievements we want to create. We want to speak a language but try to learn
mostly by playing on fun apps, rather than conversing with actual people. We
want to work on collaborative, professional programs but mostly code scripts
in isolation. We want to become great speakers, so we buy a book on
communication, rather than practice presenting. In all these cases the problem
is the same: directly learning the thing we want feels too uncomfortable,
boring, or frustrating, so we settle for some book, lecture, or app, hoping it
will eventually make us better at the real thing.
Directness is the hallmark of most ultralearning projects.
*
Roger Craig did
his
Jeopardy!
testing on the actual questions from past shows. Eric Barone
learned video game art by making art for his video game. Benny Lewis learns
to speak languages quickly by following a policy of attempting some back-
and-forth dialog from the very first day. What these approaches share is that
the learning activities are always done with a connection to the context in
which the skills learned will eventually be used.
The opposite of this is the approach so often favored in more traditional
classroom-style learning: studying facts, concepts, and skills in a way that is
removed from how those things will eventually be applied: mastering
formulas before you understand the problem they’re trying to solve;
memorizing the vocabulary of a language because it’s written on a list, not
because you want to use it; solving highly idealized problems that you’ll
never see again after graduation.
Indirect approaches to learning, however, aren’t limited to traditional
education. Many self-directed learners fall into the trap of indirect learning.
Consider Duolingo, currently one of the most popular language-learning
applications. On the surface, there’s a lot to like about this app. It’s colorful
and fun and gives you a potent sense of progress. But I suspect that much of
the sense of progress is an illusion, at least if your goal is to eventually be
able to speak the language. To understand why, consider how Duolingo
encourages you to practice. It provides English words and sentences and then
asks you to pick words from a word bank to translate them.
*
The problem is
that this is nothing like actually speaking a language! In real life, you may
start by trying to translate an English sentence into the language you want to
learn. However, real speaking situations don’t present themselves as a
multiple choice. Instead, you have to dredge up the actual words from
memory or find alternative words if you haven’t learned one of the ones you
want to use. This is, cognitively speaking, quite a different task from picking
out matching translations from a highly limited word bank, and also much
more difficult. Benny Lewis’s method of speaking from the start may be
hard, but it transfers perfectly to the task he eventually wants to become good
at: having conversations.
During the MIT Challenge, I recognized that the most important resource
for being able to eventually pass the classes wasn’t having access to recorded
lectures, it was having access to problem sets. Yet, in the years since this
project, when I am asked for help by students, they often decry the absence of
lecture videos from some classes, only rarely complaining about incomplete
or insufficient problem sets. This makes me think that most students view
sitting and listening to a lecture as the main way that they learn the material,
with doing problems that look substantially similar to those on the final exam
as being a superficial check on their knowledge. Though first covering the
material is often essential to begin doing practice, the principle of directness
asserts that it’s actually while doing the thing you want to get good at when
much of learning takes place. The exceptions to this rule are rarer than they
may first appear, and therefore directness has been a thorny problem in the
side of education for over a century.
The easiest way to learn directly is to simply spend a lot of time doing the
thing you want to become good at. If you want to learn a language, speak it,
as Benny Lewis does. If you want to master making video games, then make
them, as Eric Barone does. If you want to pass a test, practice solving the
kinds of problems that are likely to appear on it, as I did in my own MIT
Challenge. This style of learning by doing won’t work for all projects. The
“real” situation may be infrequent, difficult, or even impossible to create, and
thus learning in a different environment is unavoidable. Roger Craig couldn’t
practice
Jeopardy!
by being on the show hundreds of times. He knew he had
to learn in a different environment and prepare to transfer that knowledge to
the show when it came time to do so. In such situations, directness isn’t an
all-or-nothing feature but something you can gradually increase to improve
your performance. Craig’s approach to start by learning from actual past
Jeopardy!
questions was a lot more effective than if he had just started
learning trivia from random topics. Jaiswal was similarly limited when
learning architectural skills, as the places he wanted to work wouldn’t hire
him. However, he worked around that by training on the same software they
used and designing a portfolio that was based on the same types of drawings
and renderings that were done in actual practice. The twin challenge of
directness is that sometimes the exact situation in which you want to use the
skill isn’t available for easy practice. Even if you can go straight into learning
by doing, this approach is often more intense and uncomfortable than
passively watching lecture videos or playing around with a fun app. If you
don’t pay attention to directness, therefore, it’s very easy to slip into lousy
learning strategies.
One of the big takeaways of Jaiswal’s story might not be the triumph of his
self-directed learning project but the failure of his formal education. After all,
his difficulties started after he had already spent four years studying
architecture intensely at university. Why, then, would such a small project,
postgraduation, make such a large difference in his employability? To answer
that, I’d like to turn to one of the most stubborn and disturbing problems in
educational psychology: the problem of transfer.
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