possible, if you can spend a good portion of your learning time just doing the
thing you want to get better at, the problem of directness will likely go away.
If this isn’t possible, you may need to create an artificial project or
environment to test your skills. What matters most here is that the cognitive
features of the skill you’re trying to master and the way you practice it be
substantially similar. Consider again Craig’s simulation of
Jeopardy!
games
by doing questions from old tests. The fact that he was using actual past
questions is more important than whether his program matched the signature
blue background color present on the show’s display. This is because the
background color didn’t provide any information that would have changed
his responses to the questions. The skill he was practicing wasn’t changed
much by it. In contrast, if he had taken trivia questions from a different game
(say the board game Trivial Pursuit) there might have been differences in
how questions are typically asked, the topics they are drawn from, or the
difficulty level. Worse, if he had spent all his time reading random Wikipedia
articles to learn trivia, he wouldn’t have been practicing the fundamental skill
of recalling
answers based on cryptic
Jeopardy!
-style clues at all.
In other cases, what you’re trying to achieve may not be a practical skill.
Many of the ultralearners I encountered wanted, as their end goal, to
understand a subject particularly well, such as Vishal Maini with machine
learning and artificial intelligence. Even my own MIT Challenge was based
around gaining a deep understanding of computer science, as opposed to a
more practical goal of building an app or video game. Though this may seem
like a case where directness no longer matters, that really isn’t true. It’s
simply that the place you want to apply these ideas is less obvious and
concrete. In Maini’s case, he wanted to be able to think and talk intelligently
about machine learning, enough to be able to land a nontechnical role in a
company that utilized those methods. That meant that being able to
communicate his ideas articulately, understanding the concepts clearly, and
being able to discuss them with both knowledgeable practitioners and
laypeople was important. That’s why his goal to make a minicourse
explaining the basics of machine learning fit so well. His learning was
directly connected with where he wanted to apply the skill: communicating it
to others.
Although the findings of the research on transfer are fairly bleak, there is a
glimmer of hope, which is that gaining a deeper knowledge of a subject will
make it more flexible for future transfer. Whereas the structures of our
knowledge start out brittle, welded to the environments and contexts we learn
them in, with more work and time they can become flexible and can be
applied more broadly. This is the conclusion of Robert Haskell, and although
it does not provide a short-term solution to the problem for new learners, it
does suggest a path out for those who want to continue working on a subject
until they master it. Many ultralearners who have specialized in a smaller
subset of fields are masters at transfer; no doubt this is largely due to their
depth of knowledge, which makes transfer easier to accomplish. Dan Everett,
who was featured in the opening of the chapter on the first principle,
metalearning, is a prime example of this. His linguistic depth allows him to
learn new languages relatively easily, compared to someone who has learned
only a second language or has learned only languages academically.
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