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I.Introduction.
Language is the most important means of human communication. On the globe there are thousands
of different languages. But since the differences between them and the dialects of one language are often
very vague and arbitrary, scientists do not name the exact number of languages in the world, determining
it approximately in the range from 2500 to 5000.
Each language has its own specific features that distinguish it from other languages. At the same
time, in the main features, all languages of the world have much in common with each other, which gives
scientists reason to speak about the human language in general.
People have long become interested in the language and eventually created a science about it, which
is called linguistics (from the Latin. Lingua - language).
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Linguistics is young in the sense that only in the first quarter of the 19th century it ―officially‖
isolated itself from other sciences - philosophy. But it is also an old science, since the study of individual
languages, their scientific description goes back to the distant past - in the first centuries BC. The
presence of specific features inherent in each individual language does not contradict the fact that all
languages have many common features that unite them and are the subject of a study of general
linguistics. Hence the definition of the subject of this science: general linguistics is the science of the
general laws of the internal structure, functioning, development of languages and how to study them.
II.Analysis.
What exactly is this science doing? We call main problems.
1. The problem of the nature and essence of language.
Vision includes the following range of questions: What is language? What is its essence? What
phenomena does it relate to - social, biological or psychological? What does the language have in
common with other social phenomena and what is its specificity? The development of this problem
cannot be solved by the efforts of linguists alone. Its justification presupposes close cooperation of
linguists primarily with philosophers, logicians, and psychologists.
2. The problem of the internal structure of the language.
It provides answers to a wide range of questions. Here is some of them. What sides (parts, blocks,
subsystems of various ranks) consists of a language? What is the specificity of each of these parts and at
the same time, what is common between them in terms of their internal structure? What units does each
subsystem represent? For example, what are the fundamental differences between the grammatical and
sound systems of languages, and at the same time, what unites these sides of the language, contrasting
them with the vocabulary? What types of linguistic meanings are known to linguistics? What types of
connections and relationships exist between the language units of various subsystems and these
subsystems themselves? What are parts of speech and sentence members? Is it right to consider the word-
formation system of the language as an integral part of the grammatical system? How can I explain that
some linguists question the problem of polysemy (polysemy) of a word?
3. The problem of the structure (structure) of linguistics.
Linguistics and the practical study of languages are fundamentally different issues. You can know
several languages, even be a polyglot, but have no idea about linguistics, its problems and methods. The
complex structure of modern linguistics is a reflection of the complex structure of the language itself, its
subsystems and units of varying degrees of abstraction, the variety of language connections with society,
thinking, the psyche, attitude towards the time axis, etc. 4. The problem of the origin and development of
the language. It includes a wide range of issues, including the following. How did the language come
about? What brought him to life? Why are there so many languages on the globe? What is the difference
between the question of the origin of human speech as a whole and the question of the origin of individual
specific languages? What are the laws of historical development of languages - external and internal
factors of this development? And5. The problem of the origin and development of writing.
A person knows three main types of writing - picturesque, hieroglyphic and sound. How and when
did they arise and what are they? Why do some ethnic groups (ethnic communities of people) during their
historical development, one type of writing can be replaced by another, but this does not happen in other
peoples? What alphabets are known to mankind and how did they develop? What is a graphic and how
does it compare with a sounding speech? What is spelling and what are its basic principles?
4. The problem of language classification.
In an attempt to make the whole variety of languages of the world visible - both existing (living) and
those that for some reason or other have left the living use of (dead to date) languages, they must be
streamlined, divided into groups, classes, etc., in a word, classify by one or another parameter (signs,
grounds). What are these classifications? How many are there and what is their purpose? Are there any
languages that cannot be brought under any of the existing classifications?
5. The problem of methods and techniques of linguistic research.
The success of any science in many respects depends on how effective the methods that it has are
available. The system of methods of modern science is as diverse as science itself, which is confirmed by
many classifications of methods. What methods does modern linguistics have? What are the criteria for
their classification and the possibility of applying to the study of various aspects of the language system,
the laws of functioning, the historical development of languages and the identification of their typological
characteristics?
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Is it legitimate, for example, to elevate transformation analysis and methods (techniques) of stylistic
characteristics of linguistic objects to the rank of individual methods? How do the concepts of methods
and techniques of linguistic research relate to each other?
6. Problems of applied linguistics and the connection of linguistics with other sciences.
The increased practical demands of society brought to life in the 2nd half of the 20th century. a
special scientific discipline, for which the name of applied linguistics was fixed. Applied linguistics is
understood as ―the field of language learning with a specific applied purpose, subordinated directly and
specifically to the solution of a specific practical problem ...‖.
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