Non-bank financial institutions: assessment of their impact on the stability of the financial system



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12.4
 
Conclusion 
The threats to financial stability arising from ETFs include the grouping of tracking error risk with 
trading book risk by the swap counterparty, which could compromise risk management, collateral 
risk triggering a run on ETFs in periods of heightened counterparty risk, materialisation of liquidity 
risk when there are sudden and large investor withdrawals and increased product complexity and 
options on ETFs undermining risk monitoring capacity 


13
 
│ 
Measures of OFIs' impact on financial stability 
 
 
 
 
 
 
116 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13
 
Measures of OFIs' impact on financial stability 
13.1
 
Introduction 
In order assist the review of literature below on identifying financial stability risk indicators for 
non-bank financial, it is important to adopt a specific operational definition of financial stability.
Consider the following definitions for financial distress and financial instability. 
Financial distress 
"An event in which substantial losses to financial institutions and/or the failure 
of these institutions cause, or threaten to cause, serious dislocations to the real 
economy, measured in terms of output foregone" 
Financial instability 
"A set of conditions that is sufficient to result in the emergence of financial 
distress/crises in response to normal-sized shocks. These shocks could originate 
either in the real economy or the financial system itself. Financial stability is 
then defined as the converse of financial instability."
Despite these definitions being rough, they provide a starting point for our investigation for two 
reasons. Firstly, they focus on the performance of financial institutions, which is relevant in the 
context of this study. And secondly, financial distress is generated in response to a shock that is 
not of extraordinary size, as is unreasonable to expect the financial system to function effectively 
regardless of the size of exogenous shocks that hit it. 
The notion of financial stability is closely related to systemic risk and inter-
connectedness/contagion. For instance, De Bandt and Hartmann (2000) provide a thorough survey 
of the systemic risk literature and provide the following definition of systemic risk, with inter-
connectedness/contagion at its core. 
"A systemic crisis can be defined as a systemic event that affects a considerable 
number of financial institutions or markets in a strong sense, thereby severely 
impairing the general well-functioning of the financial system. While the 
“special” character of banks plays a major role, we stress that systemic risk 
goes beyond the traditional view of single banks’ vulnerability to depositor 
runs. At the heart of the concept is the notion of “contagion”, a particularly 
strong propagation of failures from one institution, market or system to 
another."
The key idea of both financial stability and systemic risk is that a small shock, due to a set of 
financial sector conditions, propagates from institution to institution and into financial crisis. 



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