Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Gerundning predlogsiz ishlatilishi

1.

Predlogsiz gerund ko‘pincha fe’l kesim tarkibida keladi:	The manager has finished dictating a letter to the secretary. We have put off chartering a boat until the director returns from England I can’t help telling you about it. I enjoy listening to music.
Gerund worth arzirli va busy band sifatlari bilan ham fe’l kesim bo‘lib keladi:	These goods are worth buying When I entered the room, he was busy translating an article.
to mention eslatmoq, to remember eslamoq, to mind e’tiroz bildirmoq fe’llari bilan gerund vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lib keladi:	He mentioned having read it in the paper. I remember having seen him before. I don’t mind walking.

Gerund bilan birikib fe’l kesim bo‘lib keladigan ba’zi fe’llar:

to finish tamomlamoq	to avoid qochmoq
to stop, to give up, to leave off to‘xtatmoq, tashlamoq	to need, to require, to want kerak bo‘lmoq
to keep, to keep on, to go on davom ettirmoq	to enjoy rohatlanmoq, yoqtirmoq
To put off, to postpone, to delay kechiktirmoq, orqaga surmoq	I can’t help –masdan tura olmayman

Izoh: need, to want, to require fe’llaridan keyin va worth sifatidan keyin Passive Gerund o‘rnida Active Gerund ishlatiladi .(170-betga qarang.)

Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin gerund ham, infinitiv ham ishlatilishi mumkin: To begin, to start boshlamoq to continue davom ettirmoq to like yoqtirmoq to dislike yoqtirmaslik to prefer afzal bilmoq to hate yoqtirmaslik to intend qasd qilmoq I can (can’t) afford qila olmayman

I like bathing (= to bathe) in a river better than in the sea. We began talking (=to talk) about the position of the rubber market. It continued raining (=to rain). We do not intend placing (=to place) orders for such machines.

Quyidagi fe’llardan keyin Gerund ishlatiladi:

admit bo‘yniga olmoq advise maslahat bermoq anticipate bashorat qilmoq appreciate baholamoq avoid qochmoq complete tugatmoq consider hisobga olmoq delay kechiktirmoq deny inkor etmoq discuss muhokama qilmoq dislike xush ko‘rmaslik enjoy yoqtirmoq finish tugatmoq forget unutmoq can’t help –masdan turolmaslik keep saqlamoq, davom ettirmoq mention eslatmoq mind e’tiroz bildirmoq

miss sog‘inmoq postpone kechiktirmoq practice mashq qilmoq quit tark etmoq recall eslamoq recollect eslamoq recommend tavsiya qilmoq regret afsuslanmoq remember eslamoq report xabar qilmoq resent achchiqlanmoq resist qarshilik qilmoq resume davom ettirmoq risk tavakkal qilmoq stop to‘xtatmoq, suggest taklif qilmoq tolerate chidamoq understand tushunmoq

He admitted stealing the money.	The athlete practiced throwing the ball.
She advised waiting until tomorrow.	He quit trying to solve the problem.
I anticipate having a good time on vacation.	I don’t recall meeting him before.
He avoided answering my question.	I don’t recollect meeting him before.
I finally completed writing my term paper.	She recommended seeing the show.
I will consider going with you.	I regret telling him my secret.
He delayed leaving for school.	I can remember meeting him when I was a child.
She denied committing the crime.	I resent her interfering in my business.
They discussed opening a new business.	I couldn’t resist eating dessert.
I dislike driving long distances.	She risks losing all of her money.
We enjoyed visiting them.	She suggested going to a movie.
She finished studying about ten.	I don’t understand his leaving school.
I’ll never foret visiting Napoleon’s tomb.	She mentioned going to a movie.
I can’t help worrying about it.	Would you mind helping me with this?
I keep hoping he will come.	I miss being with my family.
	Let’s postpone leaving until tomorrow.

Ega bo‘lib kelgan gerund kesimdan keyin ham kelishi mumkin. Ushbu holda kesimdan oldin tarjima qilinmaydigan it olmoshi keladi. Gerundning bunday ishlatilishi odatda quyidagi iboralardan keyin uchraydi:

	…foydasiz.
It is worth while	… arziydi.
It is no use talking about it. It isn’t worth while going there. Is it any good doing it?	Bu haqda gapirishning foydasi yo‘q. U yerga borishning foydasi yo‘q. Buni qilishga arziydimi?

Oldidan ot yoki olmosh kelgan gerund

1. Gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat gapning egasiga yoki to‘ldiruvchiga qarashli bo‘lishi mumkin:	They began speaking(speaking ifodalagan ish-harakati they egaga tegishli). I am obliged to you for helping me (helping ifodalagan ish-harakati you to’ldiruvchiga tegishli).
Gerund ifodalagan ish-harakat ega yoki to‘ldiruvchi bo‘lmagan shaxs yoki buyumga ham tegishli bo‘lishi mumkin. Bu holda o‘sha shaxs yoki buyum qaratqich kelishigidagi ot yoki egalik olmoshi bilan ifodalanadi:	The agent informed the firm of the buyer’s having insured the cargo. We insisted on their delivering the goods immediately.
3. Agar gerund qarashli bo‘lgan ot jonsiz bo‘lsa, u ot bosh kelishikda ishlatiladi, chunki jonsiz otlar qaratqich kelishigida ishlatilmaydi:	We insisted on the contract being signed immediately. He objected to the ships leaving the port in such stormy weather.
4. Bos kelishikdagi jonsiz otlar o‘rnida birlikda its , ko‘plikda their egalik olmoshlari ishlatiladi:	We insisted on its (the contract) being signed immediately. He objected to their (the ships) leaving the port in such stormy weather.
5. Hozirgi zamon ingliz tilida jonli otlar ham ko‘pincha qaratqich kelishikda emas, bosh kelishikda, egalik olmoshlari (my, his, your, va hok.) o‘rnida, kishilik olmosh-larining ob‘yekt kelishikdagi shakli (me, him, you va hok.) ishlatiladi:	We objected to the buyer (the buyer’s o‘rnida) paying only part of the invoice amount. Excuse me (my o‘rnida) interrupting you.
6. Gerund va uning oldidan kelgan ot yoki olmosh bir-biri bilan ma’-no jihatidan bog’langan bo‘lib, murakkab gap bo‘lagini -qo‘shma ega, qo‘shma to‘diruvchi, qo‘sh-ma aniqlovchi yoki qo‘shma hol bo‘lib keladi. Gerundli iboralar ma’no jihatidan ergash gaplarga tengdir:	The student’s knowing French well helped him considerably in learning English (qo‘shma ega). = That the student knew French well helped him considerably in learning English. There was no hope of our getting the tickets (qo‘shma aniqlovchi). He insisted on my returning soon (qo‘shma t1o‘ldiruvchi). On the lecturer’s appearing in the hall, there was loud applause (qo‘shma hol).

Gerundli iboralardagi ot yoki olmosh ergash gapda ega, gerund esa kesim bo‘lib keladi.
Verbal Nouns

(Fe’ldan yasalgan otlar)

–ing qo‘shimchasi bilan fe’llardan otlar yasash mumkin. Fe’ldan yasalgan otlar gerunddan farq qilib artikl bilan ishlatilishi mumkin, ko‘plik shakliga ega bo‘ladi va sifat bilan aniqlanadi:	He took part in the sittings of the committee. I was awakened by their loud talking.
Fe’ldan yasalgan otlar gerunddan farq qilib, zamon va nisbatga ega emas, ulardan keyin vositasiz to‘ldiruvchi kelmaydi:	They started the loading of the ship. (gerundli gap bilan taqqoslang: They started loading the ship.)

1. 
   Fe’llardan boshqa yo‘llar bilan ham otlar yasash mumkin
   

To manufacture ishlab chiqarmoq	manufacture ishlab chiqarish
To produce ishlab chiqarmoq	Poroduction ishlab chiqarish
To ship yuklamoq	Shipment yuklash
To deliver yetkazib bermoq	Delivery yetkazib berish
To arrive yetib kelmoq	Arrival yetib kelish
To sell sotmoq	Sale sotuv

Yuqoridagi otlar mavjud bo‘lganda odatda –ing qo‘shimchasi bilan tugagan otlar ishlatilmaydi:

We were informed of the arrival (the arriving emas) of the ship.	Bizga kemaning kelishi haqida xabar qilishdi.
The production (the producing emas) of the cotton in India has greatly increased.	Hindistonda paxta yetishtirish ancha ko‘paydi.
This firm is engaged in the manufacture (the manufacturing emas) of turbines.	Bu firma turbinalar ishlab chiqarish bilan shug‘ullanadi.
We sent the firm our contract for the sale (the selling emas) of a cargo of sugar.	Biz firmaga shakar sotish haqidagi shartnomamizni jo‘natdik.