lost its ability to lower long-term interest rates by lowering short-term interest
rates.
For these reasons, many central banks around the world, including the Bank
of Japan, the U.S. Federal Reserve, and the Bank of England, have departed from
the traditional interest-rate targeting approach to monetary policy and are focus-
ing on their balance sheet instead, using quantitative measures of monetary pol-
icy. The Bank of Canada is also considering such quantitative measures and has
recently identified three alternative instruments that it would consider using in an
environment with low short-term (nominal) interest rates: conditional statements
about the future path of the policy rate, quantitative easing, and credit easing.
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