at the same time the clearing balances of the participants are reduced by $100.
its balance sheet Exchange Fund Account assets to back its liabilities. It does so by
arranging a swap with the Exchange Fund Account, which holds the country s for-
448
PA R T V
Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
sale of foreign exchange. To illustrate the operation, assume that the Bank
temporarily buys $100 of foreign currency assets from the Exchange Fund
Account. It credits the government s account on its own books and the operation
results in the following balance sheets for the Bank and the government:
We see that government deposit balances at the Bank of Canada increase and
these balances can then be transferred to participants to increase settlement bal-
ances, as we saw earlier.
Although the spot transaction adds to the government deposits at the Bank of
Canada and enables the Bank to auction government balances, the forward con-
tract between the Bank and the Exchange Fund Account does not affect the settle-
ment balances of participating financial institutions. The Bank simply sells foreign
exchange to the Exchange Fund Account in the future at a price agreed upon today.
The advantage to the Bank of Canada of using swap transactions with the Exchange
Fund Account is that it can bring a temporary change in the level of settlement bal-
ances or respond to some event that the Bank thinks will have a significant but not
long-lived effect.
As we will learn in Chapter 20, the foreign exchange reserves held in the
Exchange Fund Account can also be used by the Bank of Canada in international
financial transactions to prevent undesirable movements in the exchange rate. For
example, a Bank of Canada sale of domestic currency and corresponding purchase
of foreign assets in the foreign exchange market leads to a gain in international
reserves, an increase in the monetary base and the money supply, and a depreciation
of the domestic currency. A Bank purchase of domestic currency and corresponding
sale of foreign exchange leads to a loss of international reserves, a decline in the mon-
etary base and the money supply, and an appreciation of the domestic currency. We
shall discuss such foreign exchange interventions in detail in Chapter 20.
In addition to the auctions of Receiver General balances, the Bank of Canada can
also adjust the target level of settlement balances if warranted by conditions in the
overnight market. That is, the Bank retains the right to adjust the targeted level of
settlement balances higher or lower than the typical setting, depending on pres-
sures on the overnight rate.
The Bank of Canada, however, is not always able to completely neutralize spe-
cial PRA and SRA operations and public sector flows so that the actual level of set-
tlement balances ends up being higher or lower than the target level. As an
example, Figure 17-9 shows the difference between the actual level of settlement
balances and the target level of settlement balances over the period (from May 18,
2007 to October 15, 2008). However, deviations of the actual level of settlement
balances from the target level appear to have insignificant effects on the overnight
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