interest rate the day that they occur, unlike pre-announced changes to the target
level of settlement balances, which appear to have a significant effect on the
overnight interest rate.
C H A P T E R 1 7
Tools of Monetary Policy
449
5
/1
8
/2
0
0
7
6
/1
7
/2
0
0
7
7
/1
7
/2
0
0
7
8
/1
6
/2
0
0
7
9
/1
5
/2
0
0
7
1
0
/1
5
/2
0
0
7
1
1
/1
4
/2
0
0
7
1
2
/1
4
/2
0
0
7
1
/1
3
/2
0
0
8
2
/1
2
/2
0
0
8
3
/1
3
/2
0
0
8
4
/1
3
/2
0
0
8
5
/1
3
/2
0
0
8
6
/1
1
/2
0
0
8
7
/1
1
/2
0
0
8
8
/1
0
/2
0
0
8
9
/9
/2
0
0
8
1
0
/9
/2
0
0
8
1500
1000
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
F I G U R E 17 - 9
Deviations of the Actual Level of Settlement Balances from the Target
Level of Settlement Balances (in millions)
Source:
Bank of Canada website, www.bankofcanada.ca.
Monetary Control in the Channel/Corridor System
A P P L I C AT I O N
Suppose that the operating band is 4.5% to 5% and the Bank of Canada expects the
economy to exceed its capacity in the near future. To prevent inflationary pressures
from building, the Bank wishes to tighten monetary policy by raising the target and
operating band by 25 basis points. In one of the eight fixed days for announcing
changes to the target and operating band for the overnight rate, the Bank
announces, at 9:00 a.m., that it is adjusting the target and operating band up from
4.5% to 5% to 4.75% to 5.25%. From this announcement, LVTS participants know
that the bank rate shifts from 5% to 5.25%, the rate on positive settlement balances
shifts from 4.5% to 4.75%, and that the Bank of Canada s new target overnight rate,
the midpoint of the operating band, shifts from 4.75% to 5%.
Later in the day, at 11:45 a.m., if overnight funds are trading below the target
overnight rate (the midpoint of the operating band), the Bank of Canada enters
into SRAs to enforce the new target for the overnight rate. That is, it sells govern-
ment securities to primary dealers, who pay for the securities with settlement bal-
ances and agree to sell the securities back to the Bank of Canada on the next
business day, at a price that works out to an annual interest rate of 5%
the mid-
point of the new operating band. Assuming that the Bank of Canada enters into
SRAs in the amount of $100, the T-accounts of the Bank of Canada and the pri-
mary dealers will be
450
PA R T V
Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary Policy
The clearing banks find that their settlement balances have declined by $100, and
because they had not been holding any excess reserves, their holdings of settlement
balances are $100 short of the desired amount. Assuming that no other transactions
occur during the day, at 4:15 p.m., the Bank of Canada neutralizes the effect on
aggregate settlement balances of its issue of SRAs by auctioning off government
deposits. The Bank s neutralization process involves auctioning off $100 of govern-
ment deposits and paying those LVTS participants taking government deposits with
settlement balances, bringing the amount of aggregate settlement balances back to
zero. The balance sheets of the Bank of Canada and the LVTS participants now look
like this:
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