590
PA R T V I I
Monetary Theory
the area to the right of the
IS
curve, it has an excess supply of goods. At point B,
for example, aggregate output
Y
1
is greater than the equilibrium level of output
Y
3
on the
IS
curve. This excess supply of goods results in unplanned inventory accu-
mulation, which causes output to fall toward the
IS
curve. The decline stops only
when output is again at its equilibrium level on the
IS
curve.
If the economy is located in the area to the left of the
IS
curve, it has an excess
demand for goods. At point A, aggregate output
Y
3
is below the equilibrium level
of output
Y
1
on the
IS
curve. The excess demand for goods results in an unplanned
decrease in inventory, which causes output to rise toward the
IS
curve, stopping
only when aggregate output is again at its equilibrium level on the
IS
curve.
Significantly, equilibrium in the goods market does not produce a unique equi-
librium level of aggregate output. Although we now know where aggregate out-
put will head for a given level of the interest rate, we cannot determine aggregate
output because we do not know what the interest rate is. To complete our analy-
sis of aggregate output determination, we need to introduce another market that
produces an additional relationship that links aggregate output and interest rates.
The market for money fulfills this function with the
LM
curve. When the
LM
curve
is combined with the
IS
curve, a unique equilibrium that determines both aggre-
gate output and the interest rate is obtained.
Just as the
IS
curve is derived from the equilibrium condition in the goods market
(aggregate output equals aggregate demand), the
LM
curve is derived from the
equilibrium condition in the market for money, which requires that the quantity of
money demanded equal the quantity of money supplied. The main building block
in Keynes s analysis of the market for money is the demand for money he called
liquidity preference.
Let us briefly review his theory of the demand for money
(discussed at length in Chapters 5 and 21).
Keynes s liquidity preference theory states that the demand for money in real
terms
M
d
/P
depends on income
Y
(aggregate output) and interest rates
i.
The demand
for money is positively related to income for two reasons. First, a rise in income raises
the level of transactions in the economy, which in turn raises the demand for money
because it is used to carry out these transactions. Second, a rise in income increases
the demand for money because it increases the wealth of individuals who want to
hold more assets, one of which is money. The opportunity cost of holding money is
the interest sacrificed by not holding other assets (such as bonds) instead. As interest
rates rise, the opportunity cost of holding money rises, and the demand for money
falls. According to the liquidity preference theory, the demand for money is positively
related to aggregate output and negatively related to interest rates.
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