Международный научно-образовательный электронный журнал «образование и наука в XXI веке». Выпуск №14

LITERATURE REVIEW 
Afghanistan’s economy as a whole has been growing since 2001; Its gross 
domestic product rose from $ 4
billion in 2002
to $ 20.5
billion in 2013, and has since 
fluctuated between $ 19
billion and $ 20
billion. Government revenues have also 
increased steadily since 2014, but its challenges in improving the business environment 
and reforming the public financial system remain strong due to corruption in the 
country’s economic structure(World bank , 2020) 

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Of course, during the last 20 years, significant development measures have been 
taken to increase access to safe water, health services, electricity and education and 
health services, but the inequality in the distribution of these services at the national 
level, different public feeling towards increasing access to public services and 
Improved infrastructure. Afghanistan’s economy has been severely affected by the 
outbreak of the Corona virus due to its negative effects on consumption and exports. 
The International Monetary Fund predicts that Afghanistan’s economic growth rate 
will reach minus 3% in 2020, which is the lowest economic growth rate in the country 
in the last 17 years. 
However, according to the International Monetary Fund, Afghanistan’s economic 
growth rate will reach 4.5 percent next year, which is the highest level since 2013. 
While Afghanistan’s average economic growth rate was more than 6.1 percent 
between 2003 and 2020, it was 1.6 percent for its western neighbor, Iran, and 4.2 
percent for its southern neighbor, Pakistan. During the same period, the average world 
economic growth rate was 3.5 percent. 
Afghanistan’s average inflation rate was slightly higher than 8.1
percent between 
2003
and 2020; during the same period, the average inflation rate of Iran’s economy 
was 
20
% and Pakistan experienced an average inflation of 8.2
%
. The economies of all 
three countries have withstood inflation above the global average of 3.7
percent. 
However, Afghanistan continues to experience political insecurity and uncertainty. 
In 2019, for the sixth year in a row, civilian casualties in Afghanistan exceeded 10,000. 
The displacement crisis continues. The number of internally displaced people due to 
violent clashes between the Taliban and government forces has increased from 369,700 
in 2018 to 462,803 in 2019. Also, according to the World Bank, in 2019 alone, about 
505,000 migrants returned to Afghanistan from Iran. 
after the signing of the "Peace Agreement in Afghanistan" between the United 
States and the Taliban on February 29, 2020, direct peace talks between the Afghan 

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government and the Taliban began on September 12, but the process of resolving 
existing political and security issues does not seem to move fast. 
Afghanistan’s economic growth was estimated at 1.9 percent in 2013, 1.3 percent 
in 2014 and 0.8 percent in 2015, due to a sharp decline in war pressure compared to 
previous years. Regardless of investment in the country’s infrastructure sector over the 
past decade, cuts in provincial reconstruction units, which spend huge development 
budgets in 34 provinces, and most importantly, reduced agricultural production due to 
reduced rainfall and natural disasters ( 14.2
%
). But the government’s deliberate efforts 
have eroded the atmosphere of investment confidence and stability, which last year had 
its effects on the country’s macro-economy. The inauguration of the Selma Dam, the 
inauguration of the Chabahar port, the inauguration of the Tapi gas transmission 
project, the inauguration of the Aqina-Atamrad railway, and… have caused a major 
movement in the valleys of the country’s economic arteries. 
In 2016, Afghanistan’s economic growth, despite a continuing decline in 
agricultural products, reached 2.2
percent and is projected to reach 3.55
and 4.7
percent in 2017
and 2018, and 5
percent in 2019
and 2020, respectively. 2
and 5.7
percent, which is a good sign of economic mobility in the country. The main reason for 
the economic growth of GDP in the coming years is the growth of agricultural 
production, services and industry sector.(Sarwari, 2019)