Kirish tilshunoslikda inversiya hodisasi tasnifi

Dimly and darkly had the shadows of a summer's night fallen upon all around, when they aqain reached Dingley Dell.
Lekin:
Masalan: And suddenly the moon appeared, young, and tender, floating up on her back from being a tree. Speedily chat worthy gentleman appeared.
Bu misolda, biz osonlik bilan aniqlovchini so'z o'zgarishidan oldin qo'yamiz, lekin so'ng bu aniq bo'lmaydi.Sifatning bitta vazifasi juda kamdan-kam uchraydi. So'z o'zgartiruvchidan keyin alohida urg'u berish uchun tez-tez ikki yoki undan ortiq sifatlar joylashgan bo'ladi. Bu sifatlar bog'lovchi orqali bog'langan bo'lishi ham bog'lanmagan bo'lishi ham mumkin.
Masalan: He gave Annette a look furtive and searching.⁸
(He gave Annette a furtive and searching look"-ushbu gapda biroq kamroq urg'u tushiryapti)
All sorts of fancier bright and dark talanted my mind.
Agar ikki yoki undan ortiq aniqlovchi sifatlar vazifasida kelsa, ular ot bilan bog'langanda ularda hech qanday o'zgarish bo'lmaydi. Ular aniqlanib keladi va natijada vergul bilan ajratiladi.
Masalan: When I looked up, there stood the window, pale,grave, and amazed.
The boy inherited his own eyes, large, brilliant and black.
Agar to'ldiruvchi kishilik olmoshi yoki atoqli otning sifat o'zgartiruvchilar orqali ifodalanib kelsa, predloglar yoki postpozitsiya joylashgan yo joylashmaganidan qat'iy nazar, ular bog'lovchilar bilan bog'lanmagan bo'ladi
Masalan: Clare, restless, went out into the dush.
Pale and constrained, he walked into the room and took his seat at the window.⁹
Hol deyarli har doim vositasiz to'ldiruvchini kesimdan ajratadi. U yo kesimdan oldin yoki vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyin keladi.
Masalan: Helen heard me patiently to the end.
Biz juda yaxshi ayta olamizki "Helen patiently heard me to the end ", lekin holning boshqa hech qanday holatda bu yerda bo'lishi mumkin emas, garchi bu urg'u ma'nosini anglatib kelsa ham, bu holatda u gapning boshida joylashtiriladi. Hattoki, hol vositasiz to'ldiruvchini o'zining fe'lidan ajratadi, agar to'ldiruvchi aniqlovchiga ega bo'lsa,
Masalan: He knew instinctively the principles, of "Pyramiding " and "kiting" .
He could read English but he saw there an olien spuch.
Payt ergash gap odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida keladi.
Masalan: On Tuesday night the new laundrymen arrived, and the rest of the week was spent breaking them into the routine.
Probably we shall try tomorrow.
Now va then ravishlari bilan ifodalangan hol deyarli tahlagan bir holatda ishlatishimiz mumkin.
Masalan: Tess then remembered that the would have.
Indeed, anything untoward was now sedulously kept from James.
We now slowly ascended a drive and came upon the long front of a house.
Eslatma: Payt ergash gaplarda day, night, evening, morning kabi payt ravishlaridan oldin soati aniq ko'rsatiladi.
Masalan: At nine in the evening Badly White, opened the door to the room and poked his head in.¹⁰
O'rin ergash gaplar odatda yo gapning boshida yoki oxirida turadi.
Masalan: Down in the mill yard a Bessemer furnace was blawing flame into the city.
George led the guests into the parlaur.
Hattoki, o'rin ergash gaplar ba'zan kesim bilan predlogli to'ldiruvchi o'rtasida keladi:
Masalan: He emerged from the theatre wish the first of the crowd.
O'rin ergash gaplar odatda payt va maqsad ergash gaplardan oldin keladi.
Masalan: I am going to the country tomorrow.
Well, they only kept up there about an hour.
Sybel had gone to town to buy a new carpet. For the first floor landing.
Tez-tez qaytalanadigan ergash gaplarning o'rni ko'pincha boshqa bir nechta ergash gaplarga qaraganda belgilanadigan bo'ladi. Ularni boshqa bir holatlarda erkin holatda ham uchratish mumkin. Qadaga ko'ra hozirgi noaniq zamon fe'li kesimlik shaklidan oldin keladi. Ammo “to be” va barcha modal fe'llar ham qo'yiladi:
Masalan: No one ever loved me.
Lily would complain that she always told.
Jane everytning knew. She was always on the point of telling him the truth.
Hattoki, ular ba'zida "to be" fe'lidan oldin kelib ularga urg'u beriladi.
Masalan: You were awfully good about bung pushed up here but then you always are good about the things that happen to you.
As for Charlie, he needed frequently to have a confident.
Don't go warrying about what may never happen.
Hattoki sometimes va generally ravishlari fe'ldan oldin yoki keyin kelishi mumkin.
Masalan: Far he sometimes thought that, unless he proclaimed to the word what had happened to him, he would be aqain full quite in possession of his soul.¹¹
Masalan: And I got so lonly here sometimes.
So'roq gaplarda tez-tez takrorlanib keladigan hol ya'ni ravishlar zudlik bilan egadan keyin keladi.
Masalan: Did you ever have those like that?
Does he often come to see you?
Payt ergash gaplar ba'zan birinchi o'rinnin egallaydi. Bu holat odatda inversiyaga sabab bo'lmaydi.
Masalan: Often he had asked her to come and pass judgement on his funk.
Occasionally a small band of people followed the preachers to their mission
Ko'p hollarda ravishdoshlaming shakllari agar fe'l o'timsiz bo'lsa, vositasiz to'ldiruvchidan keyingi o'rinda keladi.¹²
Masalan: "You needn't worry about me" Louise said stautly.
Susane shakes hands iffusively with Sartorius.
Ravish ergash gaplar odatda fe'1 kesim bilan predlogli vositali to'ldiruvchi o'rtasi-
da keladi, garchi to'ldiruvchidan keyin aniqlansa ham.
Masalan: She leaned lightly against his shoulder.
Hattoki, ravish ergash gaplar tez-tez ravish orqali ifodalanadi va zudlik bilan kesimdan oldin keladi. Qo'shma zamon shakllarida ravish ergash gap ravish bilan ifodalanadi va odatda oxirgi yordamchi fe'ldan keyin keladi.
e.g There ladies were deferentially reclired by Miss Temple.
Masalan: So beautifuly did she sing that her audience burst into applause.
Once imfatik so'zi when bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan hardly, scardly ravishlari, than bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan, no sooner ravish yoki no bog'lovchisi bilan bog'langan gaplarda inversiyasi sodir bo'ladi. Agar inversiya bo'lsa do dan foydalanishimiz mumkin. Umuman "inversiya" narsalarining tartibiga qarab o'zgaradi. Agar "X" odatda "U" dan oldin kelsa so'z tartibining o'zfarishida birinchi "U" keyin "X" bo'ladi. Ingliz tili grammatikasini ko'zdan kechirayotganizmizda biz gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy so'z tartibida namunaviy inversiyani ko'ramiz. Ingliz tilida "Inversiya" nimaligini tushuntirishda birinchi navbatda oddiy gaplar shunga o'xshash deb o'ylaysiz. Gaplardagi bu holatda ega fe'ldan oldin kelishi kerak . Bu odattiy so'z tartibidir.Ko'pgina oddiy namunalarda so'z tartibini o'zgarishini ega va fe'lni savol ko'rinishida ko'rsatiladi. Ingliz tilida bu turdagi so'z tartibi ko'pincha savol tuzishda qo'llaniladi. Lekin so'z tartibi o'zgartirilgan gapda ega va fe'lning oddiy qatorida emas. Ingliz tilining ECPE grammatika bo'limida sozlarning tog'ri tartibi qatorini ko'rinishida to'g'ri keladigan bir qancha savollar bo'ladi. Ba'zan inversiyaga kerak bo'ladi, baz'an esa yo'q. Savollar va gaplar savollarga o'xshash bo'lishi mumkin. ECPE grammatik bo'lim sizni savol mavjud bo'lmagan gaplarga o'xshash bo'lgan gaplar bilan chalg'itishga harakat qilishi mumkin. Bizda "why" (nima uchun) gaplarni to'ldirishingiz kerak, lekin "c" variantni tanlash xato, chunki bu gap savol emas (shuning uchun biz so'z tartibi qatorini fe'l ega bo'lishini xohlaymiz). To'g'ri javob "b" Inversiyani "Can you tell me...." , "Would you mind...." va boshqa shunga o'xshash oddiy frazalarda inversiya holati bor bo'lgan savollarni qo'llamaymiz. Agar bu kabi savollar turida inversiya bor bo'lsa, gapning asosiy qismida boshqa inversiya bo'lmasligi mumkin. Va aniq bo'lmagan savollarga savol so'rashda gaplarda qo'llamaymiz. Inversiyalarning "so", "neither" and "nor " bilan ishlatilishi.¹³ Agar "so" "neither" va "nor" qisqa bitim yoki kelishuvlarda ishlatilinsa, ular inversiyaga uchraydi. Yoki ular ketma- ketlikda qo'llanilishi mumkin.(Shuningdek inversiyani o'z ichiga olgan holda). Inversiyalarning bo'lishsiz ravishdoshlardan keyin qo'llanilishi. Ba'zi so'zlarda va frazalarda inversiyaga kerak bo'ladigan ravishdek funksiyalar bor. Mana bu 2ta gapda xuddi shuni ko'rish mumkin: Inversiya gaplar bilan ko'p rasmiy, muvofiq yoki badiiy gaplarda keladi, shuningdek bu gaplar oddiy suhbatga o'xshaydi. Mashqlarda bir qancha misollar ayni tarzda qo'llaniladigan boshqa frazalar bilan keltirilgan. Bu istisnosiz qoidalarni ifodalashda qo'llaniladi. Muqobil ravishda inversiyasiz ham ishlatiladi. Bu haqiqatdan ham qizning buvisi bo'ri bo'lganligini anglab yetmaganligini anglatadi. N.B.ning eslatishicha, agar ravish egadan oldin kelsa , inversiya bo'lishi mumkin emas. Shu yuqoridagi ketma-ket gaplar bilan taqqoslaymiz. Shuni eslatib o'tishimiz kerakki, Past Perfect tense sodir bo'lgan voqeyani dastlab tasvirlashda ishlatiladi. Ketma-ket gaplar bilan "only " ni inversiyalar o'z ichiga oladi va har doim birinchi fe'l bo'lib o'zgartrilmaydi.