Kirish tilshunoslikda inversiya hodisasi tasnifi

4. Ingliz tilida inversiya hodisasi
So'z tartibida kesimdan so'ng eganing kelishi, so'z tartibining o'zgarishi yoki inversiya deb nomlanadi.
Masalan: Haven't you any family?
Gapning muayan turlari soz'da so'z tartibining o'zgarishini talab qiladi. Bulardan biri so'roq gaplardir. Bu holat ko'pincha yordamchi va modal fe'llar bilan egadan oldin joylashtirilgan kesimdan va uning qismlarida uchraydi.
Masalan: Where did they find her?
Can I show you my library?
Agar gap to be hamda to have fe'llari bilan ifodalansa, kesim egadan oldin keladi.
Masalan: Is he at home?
Have you many friends?
Eslatma: ( Agar so'roq gapga gapning egasi so'roq so'z yoki aniqlovchi bo'lib kelsa, inversiyadan foydalanilmaydi).
Masalan: Who is in the room?
Who speaks English here?
What photos are lying on the table?
So’zlar there orqali joylashtiriladi.
Masalan: There is nothing marvellous in what Jame is qoing to relate.
In to the line where he sat there opened three or four garden gates.
Qo'shma gaplarda ularning ikkinchi qismi so yoki neither bilan boshlanadi.
Masalan: "Most of these military men are good shoots" observed Mr. Shodgrass, calmly, but so are you, aren't you?
Their parents, Mrs. and Mr. White escapted unhurt? So did thure of their sons.
Oddiy undov gaplarda istak-hoxishni ifodalaydi.
Masalan: Be it so!
Gentle reader, may you never full what I shenn felt. May your eyes never showed such stormy, heart-wrung tears as paored from mine.
So'z tartibi o'zgarishida, so'z yoki so'zlar guruhi, so'z boshi yoki oxirida kelishidan
qati'y nazar aniq va muayyan vaziyatda qo'yiladi va ko'proq natijaga ega bo'ladi. Shu sababli garchi uslubiy tuzilishini talab qilsa ham tez-tez urg'uning bir manbasi bo'lib keladi. Bu holatda inversiya gap tuzilishiga ta'sir o'tkazmaydi, ammo muallifning xohish istagi aniq uslubiy natijalarda beriladi. Agar gap hol bilan berilsa, inversiya ro'y beradi. Bu yerda quyidagi sabablar bilan farqlanishimiz mumkin:
a)Hol bilan ifodalangan birikmalar yoki birikmali gaplarda tez-tez davomiy o'zgarishlar uchrab turadi.
Masalan: In an open barouche, the horses of which had bun laken out, stood a stout old jentelmen in a blue coat and bright buttons.
On a chair a shiny Leather chour displaying its norsehair through a holl in the top left hand corner stood a black dispatch case.
b)Agar hol inkor ma'no bilan gapda kelsa qo’yida bir nechta ravishdoshlarga tegishli bo'ladi. Ular vain, never, little va boshqalar. Bu holatda do yordamchi fe'lidan foydalaniladi. Agar kesim yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal fe'lni o'z ichiga olmasa:
Masalan: Little had I dreamed, when I pressed my face longly against Miss Minns's would green window panes, that I would so soon have the honour to be her guest.
Masalan: Never before and never since, have I known such peace, such a sence of tranquil happiness.
c) Agar hol qo’yidagi ravishlar bilan ifodalansa, bular so, thus, now, then va boshqalar bo'lib gap boshida kelsa, ega ot orqali ifodalanadi.
Masalan: So wore the day away.
Thus spoke Mr. Pichwick ending himself as near as possible to the portman teau. Now was the moment to act.
Then across the evening stillness, broke a blood curdling help and Montmorency left the boat.
Agar ega olmosh bo'lib kelsa, inversiya holati sodir bo'lmaydi.
Masalan: Thus he thaught and crumpled up and sank dawn upon the wet earth.
d) Ravish ergash gaplar ravishlar bilan ifodalanib gap boshida kelsa, inversiyaga sabab bo'lishi yoki bo'lmasligi ham mumkin. Inversiya hodisasida do yordamchi fe'li ishlatilishi mumkin. Agar kesim yo yordamchi fe'lni yoki modal
fe'lni ichiga olmasa:
Masalan: Silently and patiently did the doctor bear all this.