Ingliz tili ikkinchi fakulteti

Linguistic prosody

is concerned with those elements of

speech that are not individual

phonetic segments (vowels

and

166

		consonants)	but	are		properties
		of syllables and larger units of speech.
35.	The nasal cavity	Each cavity is the continuation of one
		of the two nostrils.
36.	Morphology	is the main part of grammar that
		studies parts of speech their categories
		and word systems.
37.	Morphological level	studies the smallest meaningful unit of
		a language – morpheme. The term
		m o r p h e m e	is derived from Greek
		morphe ‗form‘ + -eme. The Greek
		suffix -erne has been adopted by
		linguists to denote the smallest
		significant				or
		d i s t i n c t i v e u n i t .
38.	Morphological typology	is a way of classifying the languages of the
		world that groups languages according to
		their common morphological structures.
39.	Analytic languages	show a low ratio of morphemes to words;
		in fact, the correspondence is nearly one-to-
		one. Sentences in analytic languages are
		composed of independent root morphemes.
40.	Synthetic languages	form words by affixing a given number of
		dependent morphemes to a root morpheme.
41.	Due to the presence and	(prefixes, infixes,		suffixes)		language,
	absence of word forms	words are divided into those, which
		have affixes, and those, which do not
		have them.
42	Language that does not have	is called Isolate: Chinese, Japanese.
	affixes
43.	Polysynthetic	When a word is a whole sentence, this
		type is called (American-Indian
		languages). These languages have a
		high morpheme-to-word ratio, a highly
		regular morphology, and the tendency
		for verb forms to include morphemes
		that refer to several arguments besides
						167

the subject.

44.

Agglutinative languages

have words containing several morphemes

that are always clearly differentiable from

one another in that each morpheme

represents only one grammatical meaning

and the boundaries between those

morphemes are easily demarcated; that is,

the bound morphemes are affixes, and they

may be individually identified.

Morphemes

in

fusional

languages

are

not

readily

45.

distinguishable from the root or among

themselves. Several grammatical bits of

meaning may be fused into one affix.

Morphemes may also be expressed by

internal phonological changes in the root

(i.e. morphophonology), such as consonant

gradation and vowel gradation, or by

suprasegmental features such as stress or

tone, which are of course inseparable from

the root.

46.

The term

grammatical

category

is

based

on

grammar. It means the combination of

the meaning, its form. (eg. Work+s

=works / cat.of tense).

47.

The syntax

is

the set

of

rules,

principles,

and

processes that

govern the structure

of sentences in

a

given

language,

specifically word

order.

The

term syntax is also used to refer to the

study of such principles and

processes.

[3]

The

goal

of

many

syntacticians

is

to

discover

the syntactic

rules common

to

all

languages.

48.