THE FERGHANA VALLEY DURING PERESTROIKA 199
Rather
than take action directly, the ideological department of the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of Uzbekistan sidestepped the question by
setting up a twenty-four-member working group to examine the language issue.
90
The commission included both Uzbeks and members of other ethnic groups liv-
ing in the republic. It did not initially consider making Uzbek the state language
of the Uzbek SSR, and instead focused on elevating the role of Uzbek in society.
But from the very outset a sub-group focused on the question of Uzbek as the
state language and on the free development of other languages spoken within the
borders of Uzbekistan. By February 1989, the Supreme Soviet of Uzbekistan was
considering a draft law on making the Uzbek language the state language, which
it released for discussion on May 19, 1989.
During the ensuing months the commission received some 4,000 letters and
petitions.
91
The commission studied these and alternative drafts from the Union of
Writers and from various unofficial organizations,
92
then prepared a new draft it
released on October 11. This draft was in turn discussed and adopted by the Supreme
Soviet of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. The Presidium also moved to expand
instruction in Tajik, Kazakh, Turkmen, and Kyrgyz in secondary schools, and to
open departments of Kazakh, Tajik, and Kyrgyz at the universities in Samarkand,
Nukus, and Tashkent. Some 259 secondary schools began instruction in Tajik, 491
schools offered Kazakh, fifty-two Turkmen, forty Kyrgyz, twelve Greek, and seven
Korean. Radio programs in Tajik were broadcast each week in Samarkand, Bukhara,
Ferghana, Syr Darya, and Surkhandarya provinces, while local newspapers were
issued in several districts in Tajik and Kazakh.
93
Nor was Russian neglected, with
the Gafur Gulyam publishing house in 1989 issuing twenty-seven works—and a
total of two million copies—of literature in Russian.
94
In these same months the Uzbeks were putting in
place a solid footing for
fundamentally realigning the country’s economic and social life, and ending its
domination by Moscow. The key moment came with the change of leadership in
June 1989, from which time the process of identifying and pursuing a means of
achieving independent progress was launched. Among the long list of problems
demanding attention were massive unemployment, declining productivity, poverty-
level incomes, lop-sided economic development, a grave housing shortage, and
parlous conditions in education, public health, trade, public services, and ecology.
All of these were seen as potentially destabilizing.
95
While all this was taking place, the Soviet propaganda
campaign that had
been launched in the Ferghana Valley in 1983 continued unabated. Its main target
remained the widespread religious rites associated with weddings (
nikokh). We
have seen that such attacks on traditional religious practices occurred also in the
Tajik sections of Ferghana and also, to a lesser extent, in the Kyrgyz region, but
they were particularly intense in the Uzbek sector of the Ferghana Valley. Salafi
and Wahhabi currents were already gaining momentum during these years. The
attacks on traditional practices had a paradoxical outcome, however. As the Uz-
bek scholar Bakhtiyar Babadjanov has noted,
96
the assault on traditional practices
200 SHOZIMOV,
BESHIMOV, YUNUSOVA
opened up space in which nontraditional and even radical religious currents could
be considered practically legal. Like the Soviet “agitators,” Salafi and Wahhabi
propagandists also advanced an ideal of social “purity.” To be sure, each defined
purity in its own way, with the Soviets championing a communist culture untainted
by religion and tradition, and the Salafis and Wahhabis hailing a new faith purged
of all false or distorting elements of traditional religious practice. But the Soviet
attack on traditional religious ways meshed neatly with the goals of radical Islam
and inadvertently facilitated its advance. This process was widespread throughout
the
Ferghana Valley, but was especially pronounced in Namangan province.
In this connection it is worth noting the changing status of traditional religious
authorities and their impact in the Ferghana Valley and beyond. Ferghana figures
like Muhammadjon (Hindustani) Rustamov and Qori Abdurashid had taught the
majority of mullahs and religious scholars in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Muham-
madjon (Hindustani) and Qori Abdurashid also played a decisive role in training
members of the religious establishment or
ulama. Abdullo Nuri, a leader of the
IRPT, was among their students, as was Mukhammadsharif Khimmatzoda. Nuri
often recalled that at the time of his education in the Ferghana Valley there was no
division between Uzbeks and Tajiks. But beginning about 1995 he had somehow
to accommodate the new national and religious thinking that was fixed in the inter-
Tajik negotiations two years later. He advocated a compromise or balance between
the religious and the national, something the Soviets had refused to consider. This
formed the basis for the peaceful resolution of the civil war and for the stability
that has prevailed in Tajikistan since then.
This clearly suggests that the links between the Ferghana Valley and the religious
leadership of the entire region that existed in the past are to a large extent still intact
today. Equally clear, the resulting connection among the three countries of Kyrgyz-
stan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan took definitive form during the perestroika era.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: