THE FERGHANA VALLEY DURING PERESTROIKA 197
vitality under the new conditions. The perestroika-era teahouse in the largest village
of Chorkukh continues today to function and attract people from nearby villages
of Isfara. Now and then the locals invite Kyrgyz from nearby villages in Batken
province to come and play chess. Indeed, chess is an important secular ritual that
has been preserved from Soviet times, albeit with a very specific Ferghana Valley
flavor. It is hard to imagine these teahouses or clubs without chess, the absence of
which would shift the old Soviet era dichotomy between secularism and religion in
favor of the latter. In the course of mini-tournaments,
plov and tea are prepared in
the traditional manner and tea-drinking goes around the circle, as if joining those
who drink in ritual unity centering on conversation and chess. Many a dispute has
been solved in the course of this ritual.
Other perestroika-era cultural forces were the cinema, theater, TV, and radio. But
the spread of privatization has forced many of these state institutions out of busi-
ness, terminating the educational and propagandistic functions for which they were
created. The director of the cinema center in Isfara, Inomdzhon Ismoilov, reports
that in 1990 there were still thirty-eight movie theaters in the region.
83
At the same
time, younger and more flexible concert presenters arose, leaving the old cultural
behemoths like Goskontsert in the dust. One of them is the flourishing youth center
Dilafruz in Leninabad, which quickly marginalized Goskontsert there.
84
The national languages provided the most vital locus of social and cultural
revival in all three republics of the Ferghana Valley. In Tajikistan a decree from
the Supreme Soviet in Dushanbe on July 22, 1989, established Tajik (Farsi) as
the state language and Russian as the language of inter-ethnic communication.
85
The
Rastokhez movement that championed this decree had a pan-Iranian rather
than a national orientation. Firdausi’s Persian-Tajik classic
Shahnama also came
once
more to prominence, reflecting the interests of the Tajik intelligentsia.
Simultaneously, the patriotic verse of Loik Sherali,
Bozor Sobir, Gulrukhsor
Safievam, and others came to symbolize the national revival. Through poems
that gained popularity as far afield as the Tajik part of the Ferghana Valley, po-
ets hailed the revival of national life and spoke out for democratic change. The
intelligentsia of Isfara city and province, including Novoe Matcho, especially
welcomed these works.
The large-scale reconstruction of mosques that began during the perestroika era
was more a national than a religious development. Thus, the visitor to the mosque
at Khodzhai in Isfara is greeted by a patriotic inscription by the poet Bozor Sobir,
while the interior is decorated with national texts and
beiits of Tajik-Persian clas-
sical poetry. During perestroika, the celebration of National
Language Day in the
Ferghana region was more important for residents than officials, who were keenly
aware that the national language had become yet another tool that the southern
elites were using to seize political power in the republic.
Despite the revival evident in many spheres of culture, other cultural institutions
were in crisis during perestroika, especially in the Ferghana region of Tajikistan. The
Tajik actress S. Isaeva recalls that the main theaters in Kanibadam and Leninabad
198 SHOZIMOV,
BESHIMOV, YUNUSOVA
were all on the brink of closing.
86
But despite the crises, the dynamic new themes
of the day lent vitality to many other developing cultural institutions. It is no exag-
geration to say that culture and art were as urgently real as reality itself.
In Kyrgyzstan, TV and radio played the most active role during the perestroika
era.
87
Such innovative programs as “The Tribune of Perestroika,” “Pulse,” “Urgent
Talk,” “Tele-Arena,” “Pace,” and “Thorny Screen” openly discussed heretofore
taboo issues and presented a sharp contrast to earlier programming. The common
theme of the position and role of citizens in society reverberated through television
and radio broadcasts across the Kyrgyz Republic of the USSR. In the process, the
media grew closer to people’s actual needs. As information became more democra-
tized, censorship grew less harsh. Fresh and vital information infused both the large
cities and remote population centers of the Ferghana Valley. Diversified program-
ming appealed to a range of tastes and interests. Cable TV also developed rapidly
at this time. This information revolution that swept Kyrgyzstan and the Kyrgyz
sector of the Ferghana Valley radically changed perceptions about the region, the
republic,
and the world, exposing long-standing problems in the process.
Criticism of Party and government agencies grew more intense and harsh. Both
belles-lettres and journalism came to play an important role in shaping public
opinion. Such writers as T. Sydykbekov, M. Baidzhiev, and other poets, publicists,
journalists, and teacher took to the pages of such newspapers as
Kyrgyzstan Mada-
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