THE FERGHANA VALLEY DURING PERESTROIKA 195
of Nationalities, and to the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Com-
munist Party of Kyrgyzia, Masaliev. They argued that the indigenous population
of Osh province was in fact Uzbek, and that the 560,000 Uzbeks there constituted
half the population of Osh province. Given this, it was unacceptable to them that
Kyrgyz had been declared the official language of the new Kyrgyz Republic and
Russian the language of inter-ethnic communication, with no place for Uzbek. All
the records of Osh now had to be translated into Kyrgyz.
It will be recalled that the Kyrgyz and Uzbek people of the Kyrgyz sector of
Ferghana, thanks to centuries of cohabitation, shared a common way of life, tradi-
tions, and even dialects, not to mention intertwined households. Understandably,
Kyrgyz from the north sneered that their southern Kyrgyz cousins had become
Sarts and were indistinguishable from the Uzbeks.
Many Uzbek secondary-school graduates chose to pursue their university stud-
ies outside the Kyrgyz Republic. This gradually shifted the ethnic balance in the
Osh region in favor of the Kyrgyz. This was reinforced by the fact that, except-
ing a single hour-long radio broadcast in Uzbek, radio, TV, textbooks, or other
publications did not serve Uzbek speakers. Hence the Uzbeks had no recourse but
to seek these from across the border in Uzbekistan. Thanks to the indifference of
the Kyrgyz leadership, there were few, if any, Uzbek members of the Kyrgyzstan
Academy
of Sciences, and almost no indigenous Uzbek artists or writers. The
Kyrgyz were favored in every sphere, leaving the Uzbeks feeling themselves to
be an alien ethnic group within Kyrgyzia. Biased hiring practices meant there was
not a single Uzbek first secretary in the Osh or national Party committees, few
Uzbeks on district Executive Committees, and few in other major enterprises. In
the new language law, Kyrgyz found a tool with which to harass the few Uzbeks
in medicine,
education, commerce, and agencies of local self-government.
This,
in summary, was the Uzbeks’ appeal to the higher authorities. Their
petition concluded with a plea to create an “Osh Autonomous
Soviet Socialist
Republic” within the framework of the Kyrgyz Soviet Republic.
80
This statement
was issued on March 2, 1990, and by May the situation was slipping out of the
government’s control. After a series of mass protests by Kyrgyz organized by Osh
Aimagy on May 27 in the “Lenin” kolkhoz, a rally of 5,000 people took place near
Osh. Following long discussions, it was decided to allocate the collective farm’s
cotton land for housing construction. The Uzbeks who farmed those lands were
furious, and retaliated with a large rally of their own. This ended with the issuance
of many new demands, including the designation of Uzbek as a state language in
the Republic.
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On June 4 more than 12,000 Uzbeks assembled at one end of a field at the
Lenin kolkhoz, with 1,500 Kyrgyz on the opposite end. Most of those killed in the
ensuing battle were Kyrgyz, but on the following days the situation was reversed.
In all, some 600 people were killed, the majority of them Uzbeks, with unofficial
estimates of the total as high as 1,500. Thousands of Uzbeks from the Uzbek sector
of the valley were marching toward Osh when a strict curfew sent them home. Only