IMU: The Beginnings in Namangan
The termination of official atheism under Gorbachev coincided with the collapse
of the USSR’s entire political and ideological system. But the collapse of com-
munist ideology and the resurgence of religions and nationalism did not mean that
all things Soviet were forgotten. On the contrary, old paradigms endured and were
even manifested in the rhetoric of the new ideology. The first and most amusing
example of this is the charter of the Islamic Renaissance Party
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that, except for
its famous preamble, accorded closely with the charter of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union.
Out in the more “provincial” areas of the Soviet union republics (which included
Uzbekistan), perestroika presented a further paradox. Even before the collapse of
the USSR, Communist Party secretaries (chairmen) there had been turning to Islam
as “the religion of our fathers.” The career of the Communist Party’s first secretary
in Namangan city, Burgutali Rafikov (1990–93; d. 1996), provides a particularly
striking example of this. As secretary of the Communist Party’s district committee
in the town of Pap in the western part of the Ferghana Valley, Rafikov already had
been actively involved since 1989 in constructing the district’s Friday Mosque
(1989–90). At its dedication he stunned the audience by declaring, “I have commu-
nism in my head and Islam in my heart.” Then Rafikov prayed, albeit in a separate
room of the mosque, and admitted that it was the first prayer in his life.
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When he was transferred to Namangan as the first secretary of the Communist
Party’s city committee (and thus, automatically, the city’s mayor), Rafikov found
himself in an extremely difficult situation. On the one hand, massive numbers of
people were embracing an Islamic identity, and everyone realized that the Islamic
factor would be of great importance in the future. On the other hand, this was a
period of complete economic collapse and social breakdown. Petty racketeers de-
manded protection money of from 10 percent to 30 percent of their income from
the newly legalized small and mid-size businesses. Aided by corrupt police and
criminal groups, such rackets flourished across the USSR in 1989–90. Businesses
looked for ways to protect themselves against the racketeers. In Namangan, this
search led directly to the formation of such illegitimate paramilitary groups as Adolat
and Islom militsiyasi/Islom Lashkarlari (Islamic Militia/Islamic Warriors).
The founder of Adolat was Abduhakim (Hakimjon) Sattimov. The basis of his
318 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
organization was the so-called DND Group,
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which was established in the sum-
mer of 1989 to protect Sattimov’s small domestic silk production enterprise. Soon
the DND Group had training facilities and people who could teach hand-to-hand
combat, supplemented by small-arms manuals. One of those who joined was Tohir
Yuldosh, the future leader of the IMU.
By now law enforcement had become completely ineffective, so small and
medium-sized businesses from the cities and suburbs began turning to Sattimov for
help against the racketeers. Soon Adolat had taken over the security business and
even the patrolling of the cities at night. As Adolat developed it attracted funding,
which in turn helped it grow.
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Some money came from grateful entrepreneurs
whose shops and workplaces Adolat had protected. Adolat had a general cashier
( bait al-mal), and its system of charges and accounts went by the absolutely Islamic
term ‘ ushr.
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Soon, some of the city’s religious leaders (Umar-hon Domla, Obid-
hon qori, etc.) took notice of Adolat’s growing strength and credibility, and began
to make donations from the proceeds of their mosques.
Sattimov himself was completely non-religious,
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but he began to appreciate the
importance of the growing Islamization process. Moreover, members of his fight-
ing squads came from religious families. This is why he assigned Tohir Yuldosh
to be his organization’s Islamic ideologist. In January 1990 the latter insisted on
changing Adolat’s name to Islom Adolati (Islamic Justice) and on establishing on
the same base the group Islom militsiyasi.
As Islom Adolati expanded, it introduced an oath ( bayat-nomah) for new mem-
bers. Candidates had to swear, among other things, to “contribute vigorously to the
establishment of an order based on the sharia in Namangan and then in Uzbekistan
as a whole.”
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At this time special patrol groups called Islom Adolati were formed,
consisting mainly of young people. These vigilantes would appear at the bazaars,
catching petty thieves and inflicting physical punishments on them. Other patrols
forcibly closed shops selling alcohol, incited brawls at clubs in the old part of
the city, and showed up uninvited at weddings to force the organizers to remove
alcoholic beverages from the tables.
Thus came into being an Islamic police force in Namangan with a sharia mo-
rality. It was an impressive organization, and in fact became a parallel authority
in Namangan. Attempts by local authorities to stop the illegal activities of the
organization did not succeed. For example, the chief prosecutor of the Namangan
region Chori Juraev (d. in 2003) brought thirty-two criminal cases against Islom
Adolati members with charges ranging from the murder of pickpockets, illegal
beatings, kidnapping, and invasion of privacy. However, the police shied away
from serious investigations and did not detain the accused. Islom Adolati groups
responded more decisively. They besieged the prosecutors’ offices, demanding that
cases against them be withdrawn. The guards offered no resistance and handed over
their weapons to Islom Adolati commanders. Champions of Islamic Justice then
seized the chief prosecutor and beat him, forcing him to apologize to the crowd
and publicly renounce his position. Files on the cases were burned in the courtyard
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 319
of the prosecutor’s office while the crowd chanted “Allahu Akbar.”
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Neither the
municipal nor regional police, who had brought discredit on themselves from rack-
eteering, dared intervene in such a case, and thereby demonstrated the complete
ineffectiveness of law enforcement.
Conversely, after each such action members of the new power felt a growing sense
of their own authority and influence. The so-called Yurishlar
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demonstrations near
Namangan’s City Hall (Hokimiyat) broke new ground in this regard. This time the
fighting groups of Islom Adolati brought forward a series of ultimatums that the city
authorities had to meet. Such events showed that Namangan, amid the general crisis
of authority, was now ruled by a diarchy, with the Police of Sharia Morality (as Islom
Adolati was now called) enjoying greater credibility than the official leaders.
Initially, the names of these groups had a rather Soviet aura: Faollar (Activ-
ists), Guruhlar/Jamoalar (Groups), or Islom militsiyasi. Members of the armed
groups did not call themselves mujahideen and did not consider their actions as
jihad. However, by the end of 1991 the militants began calling themselves Islom
Lashkarlari, reflecting their aspiration to attain the status of “parallel power” in the
city rather than the true state of affairs.
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Management of the organization gradually shifted into the hands of Tohir Yul-
dosh. He further intensified the work of his fighting groups by organizing ’round-
the-clock patrols of the city, increasing the number of groups that controlled access
to the city; and setting up still other groups that prevented women and girls from
appearing in public without a hijab and ensured that everyone went to the mosques
for the noon prayers (peshin/az-zuhr).
The last and most audacious act by Islom Adolati was its seizure of Naman-
gan’s City Hall and the organization of a meeting there on December 19, 1991.
Many of Namangan’s religious leaders (Umar-hon Domla and Dovud-hon qori
among them) supported this action, and some even took part in the meeting. After
gaining control of the building, all the young fighters of Islom Adolati assembled
in the inner courtyard. At the same time a crowd of ordinary citizens gathered
outside on the square. The organizers of the meeting demanded the immediate
presence of President Islam Karimov, to whom they wanted to present their peti-
tions in person. Within hours Karimov arrived in the city and proceeded at once
to the courtyard of the occupied building. His appearance occasioned shouts of
“Allahu Akbar.”
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Inasmuch as what followed was so important in the overall evolution of the IMU,
it should be recounted in detail. Tohir Yuldosh felt himself to be the man of the
hour. When President Karimov tried to take the microphone from Yuldosh’s hands
to address the crowd, Yuldosh literally pushed him away, shouting “No! I am still
the master here! Here you will talk, but only when I let you. In the meantime, shut
up and listen.” With this, the crowd of Islom Adolati fighters began shouting Takbir
(the Arabic name for the phrase Allahu Akbar) so loudly that many simply covered
their ears. Yuldosh looked out on the yelling people with the look of a winner; it was
evident that he had counted on his actions having the effect they did. By “bringing
320 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV, NAZAROV
the president down a peg or two” he expected to make an impression on the crowd
and confirm his own image as a fearless leader.
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After uttering a few stock phrases, Tohir Yuldosh then began to present the
group’s demands to the president. These demands, written on scraps of paper, were
passed to the podium from the back rows, where the city’s religious leaders were
sitting. Yuldosh stammered as he read them, obviously seeing the texts for the first
time. The demands included the following: first, declare Uzbekistan as Islamic
state; second, dissolve parliament; third, nominate a Muslim leader
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as candidate
for president; fourth, turn over the seized building to the protestors so they could
create there a sharia center or the headquarters of a new Islamic party; and, fifth,
ban males from working in maternity hospitals.
Immediately after Yuldosh presented these demands, several elders who
represented the demonstrators gathered outside the building approached Yul-
dosh and handed him a note on which appeared some additional demands. In
contrast to the demands from those within the City Hall, all these demands
were purely economic in nature, with calls for the stabilization of prices, in-
dexing of wages to inflation, salary increases, and so forth. Yuldosh quickly
read through them and then told the elders that they needed first to establish
an Islamic state and institute sharia law, whereupon all these problems would
solve themselves. But the protestors staunchly demanded that Yuldosh read
their demands to the entire assembly. If he refused, they threatened to leave
and organize a separate meeting.
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The older man who spoke for the assembled street protestors expressed these
points in language rich with significance: “Tohirjon,” he told Yuldosh, “those
demands that you announced—are your demands. Now we demand that you read
ours.
”
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Yuldosh briefly consulted with the religious leaders in the back of the hall,
then read out the economic demands brought in by the citizenry.
With this, the contrasting motives and objectives of the two very different
groups of demonstrators had been clearly set forth. Significantly, those pursu-
ing economic objectives were in the clear majority, while those putting forth
religious and political demands were in the minority. Islam Karimov did not
fail to observe this, and he constructed his response to the protesters largely
in line with the discussion of economic problems, which were especially
acute after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As for the political and religious
demands, Karimov said that he could not decide such matters on his own, and
that it needed to be done according to the law, which would include a national
referendum. Overall, Islam Karimov, a more experienced politician than his
opponents, accurately assessed the mood of the meeting and focused the crowd’s
attention on practical economic concerns, thereby pushing the question of re-
ligious and political demands to the background. This tactic paid off, and the
protesters soon dispersed.
After the meeting, Yuldosh and his fighters continued to occupy the building
for several more days. Members of Islom Adolati, especially their leader Tohir
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 321
Yuldosh, felt they had won. Yuldosh emerged as the sole head of the organiza-
tion. Beginning at this time the fighting groups of Islom Adolati grandly referred
to themselves as mujahideen, although as later interviews revealed few if any of
the young fighters, including Yuldosh himself, knew the actual meaning of this
term. In fact, their understanding of the religious dimension of their new status
as mujahideen was rudimentary at best. A former member explained to the author
that the young members of the group were simply told that their efforts to revive
Islam constituted a jihad. Without offering any explanation of the deeper meaning
of this term, their leaders simply reported on the benefits that Allah promised all
mujahideen. They learned that their sins would be forgiven and they would enter
Paradise without having to pass any tests. Once in Paradise they would enjoy a
rich life, beautiful maidens, and on the head of each mujahideen angels would
place a jeweled crown. Hence, the “reward from above” promised to rank-and-
file members of paramilitary groups appealed to their simplistic and materialistic
worldview, which had been shaped primarily by their total absence of educational
or economic prospects.
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Indeed, these were precisely the type of people recruited
into the IMU squads.
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Returning now to the Namangan of the early 1990s, Yuldosh declared himself
Supreme Amir (Bosh Amir) of the Namangan mujahideen and immediately set out
to consolidate his new status by expanding and strengthening his organization. New
oaths were drafted, identifying members of Islom Adolati as mujahideen for the first
time and committing them to the strict fulfillment of all orders from the Supreme
Amir, Tohir Yuldosh. The text of this oath, with minor changes, later became the
oath sworn by new members of the IMU.
Yuldosh ordered a special throne (takht) to be erected in the courtyard of the
City Hall, intended to symbolize the new power.
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Curiously, at first this improvised
throne was upholstered with red brocade—a favorite color in rural Central Asia. But
Yuldosh objected vehemently, saying that “red was the color of the Communists,”
and ordered that it be replaced with gold brocade. The episode is revealing, for it
reminds one of the “golden throne” promised to each mujahid in Paradise. Yuldosh’s
order to erect a throne was symbolic in other respects as well, as it reveals his early
ambitions and political claims.
Several ex-members of Islom Adolati recall that Tohir Yuldosh happily took
his place on this throne and pronounced a brief but quite remarkable “Address
from the Throne.” Speaking to his fighters, he said, “Now, forget that we were
once considered rogues in our own country. Now we will become the owners and
proprietors, and all the infidels and apostates (mal’unlar) will be the rogues.” But
Yuldosh was overly hasty with his Speech from the Throne. The government in
Tashkent waited patiently until after the presidential elections in mid-January, 1992.
Then, having won a majority, the new administration gradually began to reassert
its authority. Many members of Islom Adolati were arrested and later convicted.
Tohir Yuldosh and a band of his closest supporters managed to escape Namangan
and move to neighboring Tajikistan.
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