Islamic Political Movements in the Ferghana Valley of Kyrgyzstan
From the time of Russia’s colonization of Central Asia, the status and condition of
Islam in what is now Kyrgyzstan’s part of the Ferghana Valley has been shaped by
governmental policies.
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Tsarist Russia’s approach did not have much consistency.
Initially, the colonial authorities interfered little, if at all, in the religious life of the
population, under the expectation that loyal local Muslim clerics would help keep
the local populace under control. Events in the 1860s reinforced this approach.
Under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion, the Uyghurs, Kazakhs, Dungans,
and other Muslim people in the Chinese territory of Xinjiang mounted an uprising
against the Chinese feudal lords. Many Uyghurs and Dungans (ethnic Chinese
Muslims), fearing persecution, fled to Central Asia, mainly to the eastern part of
the Ferghana Valley. They arrived with ancient and settled farming traditions that
strengthened the position of Islam in what is now northern Kyrgyzstan and southern
Kazakhstan. To escape what they regarded as China’s dangerously foreign culture
and alien religious environment, they accepted Russian citizenship.
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Meanwhile, Russian authorities were concerned by the replenishment of the
Muslim population in the strategically important Semireche (Seven Rivers) region,
which strengthened Islam there. The 1914 Russian census indicated that by that
year there were 8.5 million Muslims in the territories of the empire east of the
Urals.
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Russia therefore imposed restrictions on further immigration by Uyghurs
and Kazakhs.
Dissatisfied with their socio-economic status, Turkic subjects of the Russian
Empire waged frequent rebellions based on jihadist notions of war against infidels.
During the 1916 national uprising in Talas, it was rumored that the Turkish sultan
was sending troops to support the rebels; and in the south of the region the entire
Muslim population rose against the “White King.” Certain mullahs interested in
fomenting hostility helped turn this into an inter-faith conflict by focusing their wrath
against prisoners of war who had been shipped there, including Austro-Hungarian
and German military officers and some Catholic and Protestant clergy. Russian
imperial forces brutally suppressed these efforts by religious zealots.
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Following the overthrow of the tsar in 1917, the indigenous inhabitants of Central
Asia, employing Islamic rhetoric, established their own authorities, including the
Council of Muslim Representatives in Osh and the Kyrgyz People’s Committee
in Pishpek (later Frunze, now Bishkek).
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Various national and religious parties
appeared and grew active, most of them affirming Pan-Islamic and Pan-Turkic
programs. Once the Soviet regime was established it branded them all as reaction-
ary and suppressed them.
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