316 BABADJANOV, MALIKOV,
NAZAROV
Asia. Among these were distinctive forms for the worship of saints and the accep-
tance of the possibility that
ummahs could exist in non-Islamic countries. Purist
theologians often had railed against this “impure” form of Islam, which some have
called “secular” or “steppe” Islam. On this connection one need only mention the
famous
fatwas of Taqi ad-Din Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah against what he derisively
called “Tatar traditions.”
52
Precisely because it had such deep roots among local people, especially in the
countryside, this form of Islam proved most tenacious in Soviet times. However, a
new generation of local Muslim clerics in the 1980s and 1990s became bothered by
the apparent contradiction between this manifestation of the faith and the austere
demands of the Qur’an and the Sunnah. These clerics launched their careers by
bringing forward a critique of “impure” Islam drawn largely from the arguments
of earlier critics like Ibn Tamya.
53
In Uzbekistan, one of the first young theologians to take a critical look at local
Islam was the Ferghana Valley Wahhabi, Abduvali-qori Mirzaev, whom we met
earlier. At Friday prayers in the spring of 1990 he delivered his most famous sermon
(
khutba), which his supporters named the
Ghuraba and disseminated on audio and
videotapes. The dictionary definition of the Arabic word
ghuraba (plural of
gharib)
is “strangers,” “aliens,” or “the poor.” In Uzbek a similar word (
ghariblar) came
to mean “exiles,” “rogues,” or even “strangers.” These are precisely the meanings
which Abduvali-qori Mirzaev sought to evoke.
Abduvali-qori’s directed his speech squarely against what he termed secular
or steppe Islam. He acknowledged that its followers always have recognized the
ritual and cultural heritage of religion, but reject those who demand that the sharia
control all spheres of life, from the home to the political and legislative spheres
and public administration.
Abduvali-qori began his speech with a comment on the famous saying (
hadith)
of the Prophet, “Islam started with an expulsion (
ghariba) and will return to the
same.”
54
Abduvali-qori then proceeded to apply this Saying to the Soviet and
post-Soviet situations where, in his view, the
ghuraba in society were those rare
Muslims who demanded that all spheres of society “adhere strictly to the demands
of the Qur’an and the Sunnah.” The other nominal Muslims “came nowhere near to
following the directions of Allah and His Messenger.” Abduvali-qori often repeated
his belief that the “true zealots of Islam” were few and became
ghariblar not only
in societies
that call themselves Muslim, but even in their own homes.
Despite its initial popularity,
the ideology of ghuraba remained the passion
of a minority, which was one of the reasons it later could become so radicalized.
Ghuraba
eventually became an ideological reference point for large numbers of
radical Muslims, and a de facto recognition of Abduvali-qori’s status as the spiri-
tual father of such radical organizations as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
(IMU). Indeed, the IMU included Abduvali-qori’s
Ghuraba sermon
in its film
Jundullah
(Warriors of God), which both reflected and greatly influenced the IMU’s
subsequent ideology.
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 317
Later ideologues of the IMU, and especially Tohir Yuldosh (born Yuldoshev),
55
interpreted the speech of Abduvali-qori each in their own way, so as to incorporate
it entirely within the bounds of their respective political movements.
56
They used
the notion of
ghuraba to legitimize other aspects of their program, and specifically
hijrat,
which meant emigration from Uzbekistan and other countries considered
“territories of the infidels” (Dar al-Harb). As indicated in the IMU’s publication
“
Hijrat, the first stage of jihad on the path to Allah,”
57
the IMU holds that anyone
who commits
hijrat automatically becomes a
mujahid, or “warrior of Allah.”
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