300
BABADJANOV, MALIKOV,
NAZAROV
to the newly created collective farms, to be used as storage facilities or as ancil-
lary space for small businesses and the like.
12
Most religious leaders were arrested
and exiled to remote parts of Russia.
13
In the Ferghana Valley the Soviet regime
used special decrees and judicial verdicts to close mosques by 1932.
14
According
to some reports, the main wave of repression against religious leaders occurred as
early as the second half of the twenties, although it was repeatedly re-launched in
subsequent years.
15
Indeed, the repression of religious leaders continued unabated
until the start of World War II in 1941.
The repression of religious life unexpectedly declined during the war. Some
old mullahs in the Ferghana Valley still retell a legend popular at the time, namely
that on the eve of the war the Khazrat (Saint) Khizr (the hero of most Central
Asian legends) appeared to Stalin in a dream. The Saint told Stalin he would soon
have to fight a great and powerful enemy and that he, Khizr, would enable Stalin
to triumph over his enemies if Stalin would reopen at least one mosque. And that
is why Stalin, supposedly after long altercations with other officials, opened not
one but hundreds of mosques. His decision was made easier by the fact that Khizr
presented Stalin with a few victories in advance.
At the time other explanations account for this rapid zigzag in the normally rigid
Soviet policy toward religion. For example, on the first Friday after the German
army attacked the USSR, the Muslims of Tashkent and a number of cities of the
Ferghana Valley assembled at closed mosques and organized Friday prayers under
the open sky. This followed an old and well-remembered tradition that on the first
Friday after an enemy invasion the faithful would recite prayers “for the health and
victory of the country’s
padishah” (Stalin, of course, was called Padishah), and
with pleas for Allah to “rain down death on the heads of the enemy.” This, at any
rate, is how one of the oldest members of the Central Asian Spiritual Directorate
for Muslims, Nodir-khon Domla (d. 1976) accounted for these events in his diary.
He was not surprised to learn that Muslims prayed “for the health, power, and vic-
tory of the
padishah (Stalin),” that is of the very person most responsible for their
suffering repression. Nodir-khon Domla was surprised that the Muslims had not
forgotten the old religious traditions, since a full generation had by then grown up
in an environment where religion was anathema and unauthorized prayer could
lead to death. But this did not happen. Many reports, mainly from the NKVD,
expressed similar amazement at the expressions of loyalty to the Soviet authorities
from Muslim as well as Orthodox Christian leaders. Such incidents could not fail
to catch the attention of the “Father of the People” and his faithful servants.
The Soviet Union’s improved relations with the Allies also prompted Moscow to
soften its anti-religious and anti-Muslim policies. Winston Churchill, for example,
in his face-to-face contacts with Stalin at the historic meetings and in his correspon-
dence, took note of the fact that he represented a number of Muslim countries allied
with Britain. Nor did he shy away from raising the “Muslim question” with Stalin.
Indeed, it is quite possible that Stalin’s rather hasty decision to institute a respite in
the campaign against religion and to establish a Muslim Spiritual Directorate were
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 301
both tactical steps that he undertook to foster a better climate at the forthcoming
Tehran Conference in December 1943.
The Spiritual Directorate of Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, better
known under the acronym SADUM, was formed in Tashkent in October 1943,
16
by a
kurultai (council) of representatives of the
Muslims of Central Asia and
Kazakhstan.
17
SADUM’s goal was to institute centralized control over all religious life in the
region. Needless to say, all the directorate’s actions and documents were closely
censored. Despite the fact that the Soviet government had announced the separation
of civil and religious life, the religious directorates were virtually governmental
bodies and were perceived as such by the faithful. Inevitably, in implementing the
orders of the state bureaucracy SADUM’s leader wielded almost limitless power,
and imposed strict authoritarian rule on the religious institutions entrusted to his
care. Believers perceived SADUM’s decrees or
fatwas
18
as state actions that lacked
all religious legitimacy. Nevertheless, the directorate used its power to regulate the
number of mosques to provide gradually for the opening of new ones, and in various
ways and to differing degrees tried to protect the rights of the faithful.
19
The heat of repression against religious figures abated somewhat in the post-war
years, although the persecution of imams, as well as the spiritual leaders of other
faiths, lasted until the period of Leonid Brezhnev (1964–82). SADUM paid particu-
lar attention to the Ferghana Valley, for it knew full well that here was the largest
concentration of practicing Muslims in Central Asia. Because of this, it appointed
special officials (
qadiyats)
to Namangan, Khujand, Ferghana, and Andijan.
20
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