296
13
Islam in the Ferghana Valley:
Between
National Identity and
Islamic Alternative
Bakhtiyar Babadjanov (Uzbekistan), with
Kamil Malikov (Kyrgyz Republic) and
Aloviddin Nazarov (Tajikistan)
Each of the three authors who worked on this chapter independently studied the
historical, political, and religious processes in that section of the Ferghana Valley
that is part of his respective country.
1
Each author’s study, while quite distinct,
nonetheless has much in common with the others, presenting a neighbors’ per-
spective with a simultaneous view from inside. Exhaustive discussions led the
authors to conclude that the current religious situation in each of the three parts
of the Ferghana Valley has been shaped by the three countries’ specific political
circumstances, laws, and policies.
After 1991, the independence of the three countries and the establishment of
borders and customs posts increased the mutual isolation of the three zones of the
Ferghana Valley. At the same time, age-old ties of friendship, family, and trade did
not get lost, even though religious ties were not as intense as they had been. This
is particularly true in the western sector of the valley—between Uzbekistan and
Tajikistan. Further east, relationships between the Kyrgyz and the Uzbek parts of the
valley also became less intense, but not to the same extent as in the west. Personal
contacts there remain close, and the religious life in the Kyrgyz and Uzbek sectors
is highly interdependent. The intensity of contact reflects the ethnic characteristics
of each region—for example, the presence of numerous enclaves of Uzbeks in the
territory of southern Kyrgyzstan.
At the same time these borders function as key points for the transfer of the
Chinese goods that are so popular in Central Asia. This commerce engages the larger
merchants and others associated with trans-valley trade, most of whom happen to
be very religious. The customs and other barriers at the borders call forth two very
different reactions from the traders. Among older traders they elicit nostalgia for
Soviet times, when such impediments did not exist. Curiously, this nostalgia thrives
ISLAM IN THE FERGHANA VALLEY 297
in spite of the fact that the shuttle trade in which these merchants engage did not
exist then. Among younger traders these barriers generate interest in transnational
parties like Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT; Party of Liberation), which claim that in a single
Islamic state such problems would not exist.
The existence of multiple nuances of this sort, many of them based on differences
within the valley, prompted the authors to present their findings on each national
region as independent studies, at the same time acknowledging the interactions and
commonalities among all three sectors, especially in border areas of the Ferghana
Valley. All three parts of the valley were once part of a single Kokand Khanate,
and later of the Russian colony of Turkestan. In Soviet times the Ferghana Valley,
despite being
divided among three republics, nonetheless remained a cohesive
region in which the suppression of religion and its subsequent revival occurred
through region-wide processes. Because of these, the region must be taken as a
whole, even while bearing in mind the political, economic, and even ideological
circumstances specific to each of the countries.
On this basis, the authors came to appreciate the degree to which the distinctive
elements of the religious situation in each of their respective countries have led in
two opposite directions. Some tendencies led to the partial disintegration of old
relationships among the religious elite of the three countries and in the Ferghana
Valley as a whole; others encouraged the assimilation
of radical and extremist
political parties and Islamist groups whose rhetoric sought to discredit national
governments. Members of the religious elites insisted that the leaders who emerged
after 1991 were utterly incapable of re-establishing the pre-colonial Muslim inte-
gration that they believed once existed in Central Asia.
The authors do not pretend to offer solutions to these pressing problems, or
even a definitive analysis of them. Their goal is more modest. They recognize, of
course, that the artificial division of the Ferghana Valley and the region as a whole
that took place in the Soviet period, and which is now criticized in all countries,
had both negative and positive consequences. However, with respect to religion,
the new state divisions and borders clearly aggravated the situation by not allow-
ing the populace to address and solve the various challenges they face together. At
the same time they make it more difficult to coordinate efforts against religiously
motivated terrorism, and they discourage the kinds of rational cooperation among
the three regional countries that will in the long run remove the factors that give
rise to such terrorism in the first place.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: